传染病学英文题目及答案.doc

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1、INTRODUCTIONOFCOMMUNICABLEDISEASESI.TERMS1）OvertinfectionItindicatesthatafterthemicroorganismentersthehost,itnotonlyinducestheimmuneresponsesofthehostbutalsoproduceshisomorphologicaldamageandpathologicalchangesthroughtheroleofthemicroorganismortheallergicreactionofthehost.Inmostinf

2、ectiousdiseasesuchasmeaslesmostinfectedhostmanifestedasovertinfection.Afterovertinfectionendsthemicroorganismcanbeeliminatedandthehostsacquittedconsolidatedimmunity.Insomeinfectiousdiseases(suchasbacillarydysentery)theimmunityistemporary.Asmallamountofovertlyinfectedhostschangetoca

3、rrierstate.Itiscalled“convalescentcarrier”.2）IncubationperiodThisperiodisfrompathogensinvadingintohumanbodytoclinicalsymptomsappearing.Theincubationperiodofallinfectiousdiseaseshasalimitofthetime(theshortestandlongest)andanormaldistribution.Itisanimportantevidenceofobserving,detect

4、ingthecontactinquarantinework.Itisusuallyequaltothewholeperiodincludingthepathogenreproduction,transference,location,tissuedamageandfunctionchangesbeforetheclinicalsymptomstooccur.Theperiodlengthisnegativerelationwiththeinvadingquantityofthepathogens.Ifthepathophysiologicchangesare

5、causedbytoxins,theincubationperiodrelateswiththetimeofthetoxinsproductionanddistribution,e.g.bacterialfoodpoisoning.Thetoxinshavebeenproducedbeforeeating.Theperiodcanbeshorttoafewhours.Theperiodofrabiesdeterminestothelocationofvirusentry(wound).Ithasapositiverelationwiththedistance

6、ofthewoundtothecentralnervoussystem. 3）LatentinfectionWhenthemicroorganisminfectedthehostandlocalizedinsomeareaofthehost,itcanlatentlyforalongtimebecausethehostsimmunityisstrongenoughtolocatethepathogenbutcanwipesitout.Whenthehostsimmunitydecreased,overtinfectioncanoccurs.Suchlaten

7、tinfectioniscommoninsomediseases,e.g.herpessimplex,herpeszoster,malaria,tuberculosisetc.Generallythemicroorganismcannotbeexcretedduringlatentinfection,whichisadifferentpointfromcarrierstate.Notthateveryinfectiousdiseaseshaslatentinfection. 4）SourcesofinfectionThemicroorganismsareab

8、letogaintoaccesstotheperso