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1、ChapterTwenty-EightGameTheory博弈论ThePurposeofThisChapterWeintroducethemostimportantmethodologyinmoderneconomicsThisisameaningfuldigressionfromthethemesofmicroeconomicsWearesharpeningourtools.GameTheoryGametheorymodelsstrategicbehaviorbyagentswhounderstandthattheiracti
2、onsaffecttheactionsofotheragents.Whatdowemeanbystrategicbehavior?Rationalbehaviorinthecontextofasmallnumberofagents;Example:CallingataxiatTsinghua’smaingate:noneedtobargain;Callingablack-markettaxiinsideTsinghua:one-on-oneinteraction.WhatisaGame?Agameconsistsofasetof
3、playersasetofstrategiesforeachplayerthepayoffstoeachplayerforeverypossiblelistofstrategychoicesbytheplayers.Two-PlayerGamesAgamewithjusttwoplayersisatwo-playergame.Wewillstudyonlygamesinwhichtherearetwoplayers,eachofwhomcanchoosebetweenonlytwostrategies.AnExampleofaT
4、wo-PlayerGameTheplayersarecalledAandB.PlayerAhastwostrategies,called“Up”and“Down”.PlayerBhastwostrategies,called“Left”and“Right”.Thetableshowingthepayoffstobothplayersforeachofthefourpossiblestrategycombinationsisthegame’spayoffmatrix.AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameThisis
5、the game’spayoffmatrix.PlayerBPlayerAPlayerA’spayoffisshownfirst. PlayerB’spayoffisshownsecond.LRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGamePlayerBPlayerAAplayofthegameisapairsuchas(U,R)wherethe1stelementisthestrategychosenbyPlayerAandthe2ndisthestrategychosenby
6、PlayerB.LRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGameWhatplaysarewelikelytoseeforthisgame?PlayerBPlayerALRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGamePlayerBPlayerAIfBplaysRightthenA’sbestreplyisDown sincethisimprovesA’spayofffrom1to2. So(U,R)isnotalikelypla
7、y.Is(U,R)a likelyplay?LRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGamePlayerBPlayerAIfBplaysRightthenA’sbestreplyisDown.IfAplaysDownthenB’sbestreplyisRight.So(D,R)isalikelyplay.Is(D,R)a likelyplay?LRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGamePlayerBPlayerAIfAp
8、laysDownthenB’sbestreplyisRight, so(D,L)isnotalikelyplay.Is(D,L)a likelyplay?LRUD(3,9)(0,0)(1,8)(2,1)AnExampleofaTwo-PlayerGamePlay
