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1、Unit1Lesson1·1矿物(minerals)·Mineralsdefinition:Mineralsbydefinitionarenaturalinorganicsubstancespossessingdefinitechemicalcompositionsandatomicstructures.·矿物的定义:具有稳定的化学成分、晶体结构的天然无机化合物。·Mineraltypes:nativeandmetallicform,oxides,sulphides,carbonates,silic
2、atesandchlorides.·矿物的种类:主要按化学成分划分:单质矿物、氧化物、硫化物、碳酸盐、硅酸盐、卤化物等。·Isomorphism:substitutionofatomswithinthecrystalstructurebysimilaratomstakesplacewithoutaffectingtheatomicstructure.·类质同象:矿物晶体中的原子被类似原子取代而不改变矿物晶体结构的现象。例如:铁橄榄石—镁橄榄石。·Polymorphism:differentminer
3、alshavethesamechemicalcomposition,butmarkedlydifferentphysicalpropertiesduetoadifferenceinatomicstructure.·同质多象:矿物的化学成分相同,但晶体结构和物理化学性质不同的现象。例如:金刚石、石墨。·Rocks:Rocksconsistofavarietyofmineralsandformlargepartsoftheearth’scrust.Granite,forinstance,whichist
4、hemostabundantigneousrock,iscomposedofthreemainmineralconstituents,feldspar,quartz,andmica.·岩石:由一种或多种矿物组成的天然集合体,例如:花岗岩主要由石英、长石、云母以不同比例组成。·2矿石ores·Ore:Anorecanbedescribedbrieflyasanaccumulationofmineralinsufficientquantityastobecapableofeconomicextracti
5、on.·矿石:具有经济利用价值的矿物集合体.·Classification:(1)Oresarefrequentlyclassedaccordingtothenatureofthevaluablemineral,suchasnativeores,sulphideoresandoxidisedores.(2)Oresarealsoclassifiedbythenatureoftheirgangues,suchascalcareousorbasic(limerich),orsiliceous,oraci
6、dic(silicarich)·矿石的分类:(1)根据有用矿物的性质分为:自然元素矿石(单质矿石)、硫化矿和氧化矿等。(2)根据脉石矿物的性质分为:钙质矿石、硅质矿石、酸性矿石等。·3金属矿石与非金属矿石metallicoresandnon-metallicores·Oresofeconomicvaluecanbeclassedasmetallic(whenitisusedtopreparethemetal)ornon-metallic(whenitisusedtomakematerial),acc
7、ordingtotheuseofthemineral.·根据矿物的用途划分:如果以提取矿物中的金属为目的,则成为金属矿石;如果矿物直接利用,则称之为非金属矿石。·Reviewofthelastlesson·1矿物(minerals)·Mineralsbydefinitionarenaturalinorganicsubstancespossessingdefinitechemicalcompositionsandatomicstructures.·Isomorphism:Manymineralsexh
8、ibitisomorphism,wheresubstitutionofatomswithinthecrystalstructurebysimilaratomstakesplacewithoutaffectingtheatomicstructure.·Polymorphism:Mineralscanalsoexhibitpolymorphism,differentmineralshavingthesamechemicalcomposition,butmarkedlydi