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1、语言学基础名词英英释义PhoneticsPhonetics(fromtheGreek:v佗phone,，sound,voice，)isabranchoflinguisticsthatcomprisesthestudyofthesoundsofhumanspeech,or—inthecaseofsignlanguages—theequivalentaspectsofsign・Itisconcernedwiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsorsigns(phones):theirphysiologicalproduction,acousticpropert
2、ies,auditoryperception,andneurophysiologicalstatus・Phonology,ontheotherhand,isconcernedwiththeabstract,grammaticalcharacterizationofsystemsofsoundsorsigns.Thefieldofphoneticsisamultilayeredsubjectoflinguisticsthatfocusesonspeech.Inthecaseoforallanguagestherearethreebasicareasofstudy:Articulatoryphon
3、etics:thestudyoftheproducti()nofspeechsoundsbythearticulatoryandvocaltractbythespeaker:thestudyofthephysicaltransmissionofspeechsoundsfromthespeakertothelistener:thestudyofthereceptionandperceptionofspeechsoundsbythelistenetConsonantInarticulatoryphonetics,aconsonantisaspeechsoundthatisarticulatedwi
4、thcompleteorpartialclosureofthevocaltract.Examplesare[p],pronouncedwiththelips;[t],pronouncedwiththefrontofthetongue;[k],pronouncedwiththebackofthetongue;[h],pronouncedinthethroat;[f]and[s],pronouncedbyforcingairthroughanarrowchannel(friestives);and[m]and[n],whichhaveairflowingthroughthenose(nasals)
5、.Contrastingwithconsonantsarevowels.Sincethenumberofpossiblesoundsinal1oftheworld'sIanguagesismuchgreaterthanthenumberoflettersinanyonealphabet,linguistshavedevisedsystemssuchastheInternationalPhoneticAlphdbet(IPA)toassignauniqueanclunambiguoussymboltoeachattestedconsonant.Infact,theEnglishalphabeth
6、asfewerconsonantlettersthanEnglishhasconsonantsounds,sodigraphs1ike"ch","th",and"zh"areusedtoextendthealphabet,andsomelettersanddigraphsrepresentmorethanoneconsonanteForexample,thesoundspelled〃th〃in"this"isadifferentconsonantthanthe"th"soundin"thin".(IntheIPAtheyaretranscribed[d]and[0],respectively.
7、)VowlsInphonetics,avowelisasoundinspokenlanguage,suchasanEnglishah![a:]oroh![ou],pronouncedwithanopenvocaltractsothatthereisnobuild-upofairpressureatanypointabovetheglottis.Thiscontrastswithconsonants
