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1、5SociologyMattersCulturesallsharecertainbasiccharacteristicsdespitedifferences.Inthisunitwewillseehowthosecharacteristicschangeasculturesdevelop,andhowculturesinfluenceoneanotherthroughtheirtechnological,commercial,andartisticachievements.TextACriticalreadinga
2、ndthinkingofTextATextAnalysisAnalyzingthetextbyexplainingkeyterms1Culturethetotalityoflearned,sociallytransmittedcustoms,knowledge,materialobjects,andbehaviorUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis2Culturaluniversalsadaptationst
3、omeetessentialhumanneeds,suchaspeople’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothinge.g.athleticsports,cooking,funeralceremonies,medicine,andsexualrestrictions(AnthropologistGeorgeMurdock)(Para.2)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysistheproc
4、essofintroducinganewideaorobjecttoaculture:1)discovery:makingknownorsharingtheexistenceofsomeaspectofrealitye.g.thefindingoftheDNAmolecule;identificationofanewmoonofSaturn(Para.5)2)invention:aninventionresultswhenexistingculturalitemsarecombinedintoaformthatdi
5、dnotexistbefore.e.g.thebowandarrow,automobile,theInternet(Para.5)3InnovationUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis4Globalizationtheworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtrad
6、eandtheexchangeofidease.g.StarbucksinChina(Para.6)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis5Diffusiontheprocessbywhichaculturalitemspreadsfromgrouptogrouporsocietytosociety.e.g.Diffusioncanoccurthroughavarietyofmeans:exploration,m
7、ilitaryconquest,missionarywork,theinfluenceorthemassmedia,tourism,andtheInternet.(Para.7)Unit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis6McDonaldizationtheprocessthroughwhichtheprinciplesofthefast-foodrestauranthavecometodominatecertain
8、sectorsofsociety,bothintheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheworldUnit5SociologyMattersTextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAMcDonaldizationisassociatedwiththemeltingofcultures.Examples:I
