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1、NATURALRESOURCESSYSTEMSPROGRAMMEPROJECTREPORT1DFIDProjectNumberR7446ReportTitleProcessdocumentation.AnnexAoftheFinalTechnicalReportofprojectR7446.ReportAuthorsMcDonald,M.A.andObiri,B.D.OrganisationSchoolofAgriculturalandForestSciences,UniversityofWalesDate2003NRSPProductionSyst
2、emForestAgricultureInterface1ThisdocumentisanoutputfromprojectsfundedbytheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)forthebenefitofdevelopingcountries.TheviewsexpressedarenotnecessarilythoseofDFID.AnnexA:McDonald,M.AandObiri,B.D..2003.ProcessDocumentationOverviewFarmingsyste
3、msinsub-SaharanAfricashowahighdegreeofheterogeneityandcomplexity,determinedbythewiderangeofsocio-economicconditions,accesstoresources,andenvironmentaldiversity(Defoer,2002).Thedevelopmentoftechnologiesappropriatetosuchdiverseconditionsclearlyrequirescarefulconsiderationofbiophy
4、sicalconditions,farmers’livelihoodcircumstances,andtheequitableinputofthefarmers.Theobjectiveoftheproject‘ShortenedbushfallowrotationsforsustainablelivelihoodsinGhana’,fundedbytheNaturalResourcesSystemsProgrammeoftheUKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment,wastodeveloptechnology
5、optionswhichaddressacommonconstraintacrossarangeofsocio-economicandbiophysicalcircumstances.Arangeoftechnologieswasconsideredtoenhancetheexperientialprocessthroughexposuretoanumberofoptions,andtodevelopa‘cultureofinquiry’.Thisisnotamanualofmethodsandonlybriefdescriptionsoftheme
6、thodsusedareincluded.ThereisawealthofpublishedmaterialontherudimentsofconductingParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)andothertoolsemployedwithintheproject.Indeed,thereisadangerinemphasisingtheuseofspecificmethodsofmanagementandresearchassolutionstoperceiveddevelopmentproblems(Biggsa
7、ndSmith,1998).Rather,thisdocumentpresentsadiscussionoftheprocessoftechnologydevelopmentanditerationemployedintheprojectprocess.SumbergandOkali(1997)notethat,althoughtheliteratureisrepletewithexamplesofoutputsoffarmers’experimentation,littleisindicatedwithrespecttotheactualproce
8、ssofexperimentationintermsofthemotivation,thetypeorseq
