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1、一些科學哲學上的思考■科學知識是什麼？幾種不同的觀點1.Wallace(1979:18):ElementsintheScientificProcess"Thereareatleastfourwaysofgenerating,andtestingthetruthof,empiricalstatement:'authoritarian/'mythical/Uogico-rationaPand'scientific/Aprincipaldistinctionamongtheseisthemannerinwhicheachvestsconfidencei
2、ntheproducerofthestatementthatisallegedtobetrue(thatis,oneasks,Whosaysso?);intheprocedurebywhichthestatementwasproduced(thatis,oneasks,Howdoyouknow?);andintheeffectofthestatement(thatis,oneasks,Whatdifferencedoesitmakes?)：(Wallace,1979:11)“[AJmongthesefourmodesofgeneratingand
3、testingempiricalstatements,thescientificmodecombinesaprimaryrelianceontheobservationaleffectsofthestatementsinquestion,withasecondaryrelianceontheprocedures(methods)usedto03’秋社會硏究方法社會系關秉寅老師generatethem.Relativelylittleweightisplacedoncharacteristicsoftheproducerpersebutwhent
4、heyareinvolved,achievedratherthanascribedcharacteristicsarestressed・notfortheirownsakes,butasprimafaciecertificationsofeffectandprocedureclaims.^,(Wallace,1979:13)2・Collins(1979):WhyisSociologynotaScience?"Mycontentionisthatsociologycanbeasuccessfulscienceandthatitiswellonthe
5、waytobecomingso.Theproblemistounderstandjustwhatisinvolvedinthis.Thereareanumberofdifferentgoalsthathavebeensetforsociology(andforthesocialsciencesgenerally);••…Asthingsstandnow,wehavebadlyconfusedtheexplanatory,practical,ideological,andaestheticaspectsofthesocialsciences：(Co
6、llins,1979:1)"Thescientificidealistoexplaineverything,andtodoitbymakingcausalstatementswhichareultimatelybaseduponexperience.Themostpowerfulscientifictheoryistheonethatcangetthemostexplanatorymileageoutofthemostconcisebodyofprinciples.Scienceisawayofextrapolatingfromthingswek
7、nowtothingswedonot,awayofseeingthenovelasanotherarrangementofthefamiliar.^"Thisaimisnodifferentwhenappliedtosociologythantophysics,howeverdifferenttheempiricalmaterialsmaybe."(Collins,1979:2)"Thebasicmethodofexplanatoryscienceisthatofcontrolledcomparison.Theessenceofmethodolo
8、gicalempiricism-andthatiswhatscienceis・istoexplainaphenomenonnotbylo
