Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗.ppt

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1、TranscendentalismEmersonandThoreauGrowthandDevelopmentNewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”(1836-1855)thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement;thesummitofAmericanRomanticismCentre:BostonandConcord(Emerson’shome)thebeginningoftranscendentalism:1836,NaturebyEmerson:anewwayofintellectualthin

2、kinginAmericaEmerson’sDefinitionTheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteverywhere”----Emerson“Transcendentalism:“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism;idealismappearsin1842…whateverbelongstotheclassofintuitivethought…”-------Emerson1842:theTranscendentalismClub:The

3、DialNewEnglanders:Emerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcott,andMargaretFuller,teachersandclergymenTranscendentalism:derivedfromtheLatinverb“transcendere”meaning“toriseabove”“ortopassbeyondlimits”therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,

4、orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.Thetranscendentallawwasthe“morallaw”throughwhichmandiscoveredthenatureofGodasalivingspirit.6pointsformajorconceptsIntuition:Thepowerofintuition:peoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.Every

5、onehasaccwsstoasourceofknowledgethattranscendedtheeverydayexperiencesofsensationandreflection.Intuitionwasinnerlightwithin.Spirit:Asromanticidealism,itplacesspiritfirstandmattersecond.Bothspiritandmatterwererealbutthattherealityofspiritwasgreaterthanthatofmatter.Spirittranscendedmatters,andtheperma

6、nentrealitywasthespiritualone.Itstressedessencebehindappearance.Nature:ItlooknatureasasymbolofspiritorGod.Itstressedunityofhumanityandnature.Allthingsinnatureweresymbolsofthespiritual,ofGod’spresence.Naturewasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Everythingintheuniversewasviewedasanexpressionof

7、thedivinespirit.Beyondphysicalobjectswasauniversalsoul.“oversoul.”NaturewasGod’senlightenmenttowardhumanbeings.Naturecanexerciseahealthyinfluenceonhumanmind,sopeopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions.Na