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1、附录：附录一：英文原文CrossingContinentsandCenturiesTheideaofcrossingtheBosporasbyrailhasbeenanengineeringdreamsincethelate1800s,whenGermanyandtheOttomanEmpireproposedaBerlin-to・Baghdadtrainline.TheplaninvolvedprovidingrailservicebetweentheEuropeanandAsiansidesofthecitythen
2、knownasConstantinople.Althoughtheoriginalprojectwasneverfullydeveloped,theideaitselfsurvivedevenastheOttomanworldcmmbledintheaftermathofWorldWarIasaportionoftheempirebecametheRepublicofTurkeyandConstantinoplewasrenamedIstanbul.By2013theengineeringdreamshouldbecom
3、erealitywhenmodernintercityandcommutertrainsareexpectedtobeablecrosstheBosporasunderwaterviaa1.4kmlongimmersedtunnel.Constructedatadepthof58m.thetunnelwasrecentlycompletedandiscurrentlythedeepestofitskindintheworld・ThetunnelundertheBosporusisthecenterpieceof3.5-b
4、illionMarmarayProject,whichwillincludetheconstructionorupgradingof76kmrailwaythatwillstartatthecityofHalkah,ontheEuropeanshoreofstrait,passthroughtheheartofIstanbul,andendatthecityofGebze,ontheAsianshore・TheprojectnamecomesfromtheSeaofMarmaray,whichisatthesouther
5、nendofthestraitandraytheTurkishwordforrail.Withanestimatedfour-minutetransittime,theraillinkatthebottomoftheBosporuspromisestobeaconsiderableimprovementforcommutersandothertravelersintheregion.Atpresenttheonlywaystocrossthestraitinvolvetakingaferryontheoftenchopp
6、ywatersoftheBospomsorspendingasmuchasanhourstuckintrafficononeofthewaterwaystwohighwaybridges,onedatingfromthe1970sandtheotherfromthe1980s.Inadditiontocuttingtraveltime,theprojectisexpectedtoincreaserailusageinIstanbulfrom4percentto28percentofallmotorizedtripswit
7、hinthecity,helpingtoalleviatetheseveretrafficcongestioninthismetropolisof10million.ThecompletedMarmarayrailsystemisexpectedtoserve65000passengersperhour,comparedwiththe10000perhourservedbyIstanbul'scuiTentrailsystem・By2025anestimated1.7millionpassengersperdaywill
8、usesomeportionoftheMarmaraysystem,eachdayasmanyas150000willusethenew,multimodalstationplannedforIstanbufsYenikaptdistrict,whichwillprovideconnectionstotheIstan
