牛津英语模块五第二单元单词详解.doc

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模块五第二单元单词详解economy n[C,U]（金钱﹑力气﹑时间﹑资源等的）节省,节约:practiseeconomy实行节约economyclass,经济舱（最低廉的客机舱位）[U]理财:politicaleconomy政治经济学domesticeconomy国内经济[C](常作theeconomy)（国家的）经济管理;经济制度:Thestateoftheeconomyisveryworrying.目前的经济状况令人十分担忧.economic adj经济学的;经济的:thegovernment'seconomicpolicy政府的经济政策economicdevelopment经济发展economicrecovery 经济复苏economicaladj经济的;节俭的;省时间的;节约的:aneconomicalcartorun节油汽车Sheiseconomicalwith/inheruseofsaltwhencooking.她烹饪时用盐很省.economicsn[singv]经济学;经济原则:theeconomicsofpublishing出版的经济原则.economistn经济学研究者;经济学家debate n[C,U](a)（正式的）辩论,讨论（如在公众集会或议会中,常以表决结束）:toopenthedebate开始辩论（第一个发言）underdebate,在辩论中(b)（一般性的）辩论,讨论:Wehadlongdebatesatcollegeaboutpolitics.我们上大学时曾长时间地辩论政治问题.Herresignationcausedmuchpublicdebate.她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷.debatev~(aboutsth)对（某事）进行辩论;讨论（某事）:Whataretheydebating(about)?他们在辩论什麽?We'rejustdebatingwhattodonext.我们正讨论下一步该做什麽事.Theydebatedclosingthefactory.他们争论是否关闭工厂.考虑（某事物）以决定:Idebateditforawhile,thendecidednottogo.我反覆考虑後决定不去.I'mdebatingwheretogoonholiday.我在琢磨到何处度假.Hedebatedbuyinganewcar,butdidn'tintheend.他思量很久是否买辆新汽车…debatern辩论的人，讨论者;辩论家preservationn[U]保护;维护;保存;保留;保持:thepreservationandconservationofwildlife对野生动物的保护Theaimofthepolicyisthepreservationofpeace.这一政策旨在维护和平.保存完好之程度:Thepaintingswereinanexcellentstateofpreservation.这些画保存得非常好.preservev(a)保护,维护（某事物）:preserveone'seyesight保护视力averywell-preservedmanofeighty一个保养得很好的八十老翁Effortstopreservethepeacehavefailed.维护和平的努力已经失败了.(b)~sth(forsth)保存或保留某事物:Fewoftheearlymanuscriptshavebeenpreserved.早期的手稿保存下来的不多. (c)~sb(fromsb/sth)保护某人:Thecalmcourageofthepilotpreservedthelivesofthepassengers.飞行员临危不惧的勇气保住了乘客们的生命.*Godpreserveus!上帝保佑我们吧!使（某事物）不受损失;保持:preservehersenseofhumour保持幽默感Itisdifficulttopreserveone'sself-respectinthatjob.做那样的工作很难保持自尊.（用装瓶装罐﹑乾燥﹑冷冻等法）保存（食物）:Saltandspiceshelptopreservemeat.盐和调味品有助於保藏肉类.Inthesummer,largecropsoffruitmaybepreservedbyfreezingorbottling.夏天收获的大量水果可冷藏或装瓶装罐加以保存.[尤用於被动语态]禁止外人（捕猎等）;将（土地﹑河流区段等）保留以供私用:Thefishinginthisstretchoftheriverisstrictlypreserved.此段河流严禁外人捕鱼.preserven1(a)[Cusupl]经加工保存的水果:apricotpreserves杏脯.(b)[U]果酱:strawberrypreserve草莓酱2[C]专供私人行猎或捕鱼的保留区.3[sing]被认为某人所专有的活动﹑爱好等:Sheregardsnegotiatingpriceswithcustomersasherspecialpreserve.她把与顾客讨价还价看作自己的专长.preservern保护者;维护者;保藏食品者;防护用品;私人保留地:alife-preserver救生用品.preservativeadj（用来）保护的,保存的:Salthasapreservativeeffectonfood.盐对食物有防腐作用.preservativen[C,U]保护剂;防腐剂:foodfreefrompreservatives不含防腐剂的食品Preservativeisusuallyaddedtotinnedmeat.防腐剂通常加在肉类罐头里.awful adj极坏的;极讨厌的;可怕的:anawfulaccident,experience,shock可怕的事故﹑经历﹑打击很坏的;糟透的:Whatawfulweather!多麽坏的天气!Ifeelawful.我觉得难受极了.Thefilmwasawful.那个电影糟透了.[作定语]极度的:That'sanawfullotofmoney.那是很多很多钱哪.I'minanawfulhurrytogettothebank.我正急着去银行.awfullyadv很;非常:awfullyhot热极了awfullysorry非常抱歉It'sawfullykindofyou.多谢﹑多谢.I'mafraidI'mawfullylate.我实在太迟了.Thanksawfullyforthepresent.万分感谢您的厚礼.poison n[C,U]毒药;毒物:ratpoison老鼠药poisonforkillingweeds除草剂commitsuicidebytakingpoison服毒自杀poisongas,毒气极糟的食物:I'mnoteatingthatpoison!我可不吃那种猪食!poisonv~sb/sth(withsth)(a)施毒於（某生物）;用毒药毒死或毒害某人[某物]:Hiswifepoisonedhimwitharsenic.他妻子用砒霜把他毒死了.(b)在某物中放毒:Thechemicalcompaniesarepoisoningourriverswitheffluent.这些化学公司排出废水污染着我们的河流.(a)（在道德上）败坏某事物;腐化某事物: poisonsb'smindwithpropaganda通过宣传毒害某人的思想.(b)使某事物受苦﹑受难﹑受罪等;破坏或毁坏某事物:aquarrelwhichpoisonedourfriendship有损我们友谊的争吵anexperiencethatpoisonssb'slife使某人一生受害的经历.poisonA'smindagainstB对A说B的坏话（通常指不实之词）poisonedadj1（因伤口感染等）发炎的:apoisonedhand发炎的手.2有毒的;施过毒药的:apoisonedarrow毒箭poisonern施毒者poisoningn[C,U]施毒;中毒:bloodpoisoning血中毒poisonousadj1(a)用毒物杀敌或猎物的:poisonoussnakes,insects,etc毒蛇﹑有毒的昆虫.(b)引起中毒的:poisonousplants,chemicals有毒的植物﹑化学物质.2(a)败坏道德的:thepoisonousdoctrineofracialsuperiority毒害良知的种族优越论.(b)恶意的;恶毒的:sbwithapoisonoustongue言语恶毒的人poisonouslyadv.atmospheren(a)theatmosphere大气,大气层（包围地球的气体）(b)包围任何星球的气体:anatmospherethatsupportslife可以维持生命的气体.某一地方的空气:Theatmosphereisverystuffyinhere这里的空气很闷气氛;情绪:Anatmosphereoftensionfilledtheroom.屋子里笼罩着紧张的气氛.Theatmosphereoverdinnerwaswarmandfriendly.用餐时洋溢着热情友好的气氛.atmosphericadj大气的;大气层的:unusualatmosphericconditions异常的大气状态.制造气氛的:atmosphericlighting制造气氛的灯光.atmosphericpressure大气压力flowv(pt,pp-ed)(a)（指液体）流动:Hertearsflowedfreely(downhercheeks).她眼泪止不住地（顺着面颊）往下流.Mostriversflowintothesea.江河大多流入海洋.Bloodsuddenlystartedflowingout.突然流出血来.(b)畅通无阻（尤指在封闭系统内）;流通;流传:Keepthetrafficflowing.保持交通畅通无阻.Bloodflowsroundthebody.血液在体内循环.（指讲话或写作）流畅:Conversationflowedfreelywhenthespeakerinviteddiscussion.演讲人请大家讨论,於是人人畅所欲言.松散而无束缚地落下或垂下:Herhairflowed(down)overhershoulders.她长发垂肩.~(withsth)有的是;大量供应;取之不尽:alandflowingwithmilkandhoney自然资源丰富的地方.（指海潮）涨,涨潮:Thetidebegantoflowandourfootprintswerecovered. 开始涨潮了,潮水遮住了我们的脚印.flowin/intosth不断涌入:Offersofhelpflowedintotheoffice.人们接连不断地向办事处表示愿意提供帮助.flowfromsth源於某事物;为某事物的结果:Manybenefitswillflowfromthisdiscovery.这项发现将带来许多好处.flowout(ofsth)外流:Profitsareflowingoutofthecountry.利润源源不断地流向国外.flowoversb（某事）发生而不影响某人:Officepoliticsjustseemtoflowoverhim.同事之间互相倾轧﹑勾心斗角的事似乎并未波及到他.flown(通常作单数)1~(ofsth/sb)（某事物[某人]的）流动（量）;流量:asteadyflowoftraffic川流不息的来往车辆Thegovernmentistryingtostoptheincreasingflowofrefugeesenteringthecountry.政府正在设法阻止越来越多的难民流入本国.2~(ofsth)某事物的持续或连续供应（量）:cutofftheflowofoil切断石油输送theconstantflowofinformation源源不断的信息.3口若悬河;滔滔不绝:Iinterruptedhimwhilehewasinfullflow他正在高谈阔论,我打断了他的话.4涨潮:theebbandflowofthesea海潮的涨落.addition n[U]加（尤指计算两个或两个以上数目的总和）.[C]~(tosth)增加的人或事物:They'vejusthadanadditiontothefamily.他们家里刚刚又添了一口人（另一个孩子）.inaddition(tosb/sth)加之;除...之外:Inaddition(tothenamesonthelist)therearesixotherapplicants.除此（名单上的名字）之外,还有六个申请人.additionaladj附加的;另外的;外加的:additionalcandidates,supplies外加的候选人﹑供应additionallyadv.wipev(a)~sth(onsth);~sth(down/over)擦﹑拭或揩某物:wipethedishes把碟子擦乾wipethetable擦桌子wipeone'seyes擦乾眼泪(b)用（布等）擦:wipeadampspongeacrossone'sface用湿海绵擦脸(c)搽（某物质）:Wipethelotionontoyourface.你在脸上搽些护肤液~sthfrom/offsth;~sthaway/off/up擦净或擦掉某物:wipe(away)thetearsfromone'seyes擦（掉）眼泪wipethewritingfromtheblackboard把黑板上的字擦掉*wipe(up)thespiltmilkoffthefloor把洒在地板上的牛奶擦乾净Wipethatsmile/grin/expressionoffyourface!别笑[咧着嘴笑/做出那种表情]!wipethefloorwithsb（在辩论﹑竞赛等中）把某人打得一败涂地wipesthoffthefaceoftheearth/offthemap彻底消除某事物wipetheslateclean勾销过去的错误或过失;重新开始wipesthout(a)擦拭（盆﹑碗等）的内部: Thisvasewasn'twipedoutproperlybeforeitwasputaway.这个花瓶没擦乾净就收起来了.(b)除去或取消某事物:wipeoutone'sdebts还清债务(c)彻底消灭或摧毁某事物:Wholevillageswerewipedoutinthebombingraids.整座整座的村庄都在轰炸中摧毁了.wipedout 精疲力竭的lay1v(pt,pplaid)(a)将（某物[某人]）置於某位置或某物表面:laythebookonthetable把书放在桌上layoneselfdowntosleep躺下睡觉Helaidhishandonmyshoulder.他把手放在我的肩上.(b)（为某目的）将（某物）摆放於适当位置:laythetable摆设餐具准备吃饭~A(on/overB);~BwithA（在某物上）摊开某物;用某物覆盖或附加一层某物:laycarpetingonthefloor/laythefloorwithcarpeting铺地毯使（某人[某事物]）处於某状态或情况:laysbunderanobligationtodosth使某人承担做某事的义务使（某物）沉降,安顿:sprinklewatertolaythedust洒水使尘土落下.使（某物）平顺或伏贴:usinghaircreamtolaythehairstickingupattheback用发乳把後面竖起的头发弄服帖.使（某事物）减轻,平息,缓解:laysb'sfears,doubts,suspicions消除某人的恐惧﹑疑虑﹑怀疑[不用於被动语态]~sth(onsth)就某事赌（钱）;压（赌注）:Howmuchdidyoulayonthatrace?那场赛马你下了多少赌注?I'lllayyou5thatshewon'tcome.我看她不来了,我愿跟你赌5英镑.[尤用於被动语态]（指男子）与（某女子）性交;肏:getlaid挨肏.（指鸟﹑虫等）产（卵）:Thecuckoolaysitseggsinotherbirds'nests.杜鹃…产卵.new-laideggsat90padozen90便士一打的鲜蛋.(某些lay+n+prep/infinitive的组合,其意义与该名词形式相关的动词相同,如laytheemphasisoncertainpoints=emphasizecertainpoints):laystressonneatness强调整齐Whoshouldwelaytheblameon?我们该责备谁?lay(one's)planstodosth计画做某事layiton(thick/withatrowel)夸大地赞扬﹑恭维等:Tocallhimageniusislayingitonabit(toothick)!把他称为天才是有点过分了.layaboutone(withsth)向四周挥打:Asweapproachedher,shelaidaboutherwithastick.我们接近她时,她就挥棒乱打.layaboutsb/sth(withsth)用言语或拳﹑棒等攻击某人[某事物]:Shelaidabouthim,callinghimaliarandacheat.她攻击他,说他说谎﹑是个骗子.laysthaside(a)把某事物放在一边:Ilaidmybookaside,turnedoffthelightandwenttosleep.我把书放在一边,关了灯睡觉.(b)抛弃或放弃某事物:layasideone'sstudies,one'sresponsibilities放弃学业﹑责任.(c)(alsolaysthby)留存某物以备将来之用;储存某物:laysomemoneyasideforone'soldage积钱防老.laysthaway付定钱购某物,俟货款付齐再行交货.laysthdown(a)将（酒）贮存於地窖等:laydownclaret贮存乾红葡萄酒. (b)（开始）建造某物:laydownanewship,railwaytrack建造新船﹑新铁路.(c)停止行使某事物;放弃某事物:laydownone'soffice,duties放弃职务﹑中止义务.laysthdown;layitdownthat...制定规则﹑原则等:Youcan'tlaydownhardandfastrules.规则不能定得太严太死.Itislaiddownthatallapplicantsmustsitawrittenexam.根据规定,申请者一律需经笔试.laysthin储备某物:layinfood,coal,supplies,etc储存食物﹑煤﹑供应品等.layintosb/sth用言语或拳﹑棒等猛烈攻击某人[某事物]:Hereallylaidintoher,sayingshewasarrogantandunfeeling.他痛斥她,说她傲慢又无情.layoff(sb)不再做打扰人﹑讨人厌等的事:Layoff!You'remessingupmyhair!住手!你把我的头发都弄乱了!Layoffhim!Can'tyouseehe'sbadlyhurt?别碰他!你没看见他伤得很厉害吗?layoff(sth)不再做或使用有害的事物等:I'vesmokedcigarettesforyears,butnowI'mgoingtolayoff(them).我抽烟很多年了,现在打算戒了.Youmustlayoffalcoholforawhile.在一段时期内你必须禁酒.laysboff解雇（工人）（通常为短期）:Theywerelaidoffbecauseofthelackofneworders.由於没有新的定货,他们遭暂时解雇.laysthon(a)（给住房等）供应（煤气﹑水等）:Wecan'tmoveinuntiltheelectricityhasbeenlaidon.我们得等电源接通後才能搬进去.(b)(infml口)providesth;arrangesth提供某事物;安排某事物:layonaparty,show,trip组织娱乐会﹑展览会﹑出游layonfoodanddrink提供食物和饮料Sightseeingtoursarelaidonforvisitors.已为来访者安排了观光活动.laysbout打昏（某人）:Theboxerwaslaidoutinthefifthround.那个拳击手在第五回合中被击昏在地.laysthout(a)展开某物（为备用或易见）:beautifuljewellerylaidoutintheshopwindow陈列在橱窗里的漂亮珠宝(b)(常用於被动语态)有计划地安排某事物:layoutatown,garden设计城市﹑布置花园awelllaidoutmagazine设计得精美的杂志.(c)花（钱）:Ihadtolayoutafortuneonthatcar.我得为那辆汽车花上一大笔钱.layover旅途中停留:WelaidoverinArizonaonthewaytoCalifornia.我们在赴加利福尼亚州途中曾在亚利桑那州停留.laysbup(通常用於被动语态)使某人卧床﹑不能工作等:She'slaidupwithabrokenleg.她因腿伤卧床.I'vebeenlaidupwithfluforaweek.我患流感已在家休息一个星期了.laysthup(a)保留某物;储存某物:layupsupplies,fuel,etc储备供应品﹑燃料等.(b)将（车﹑船等）搁置不用:Mycar'slaidupatthemoment.我的汽车闲着没用.laysthup(foroneself)（自）找麻烦:You'reonlylayinguptrouble(foryourself)bynotmendingthatroofnow.你不趁现在修理房顶将来给自己找麻烦.lay-offn(a)解雇工人（通常为短期）:manylay-offsamongfactoryworkers 工人中许多暂遭解雇的人.(b)periodofthis暂时解雇期:alonglay-offoverthewinter长达一冬的暂时解雇.layoutn安排;设计;布局;编排:thelayoutofroomsinabuilding建筑物内房间的布局lay-overn旅途中的短期停留lay2 adj[作定语]非神职的:alaypreacher非神职的讲道者.(a)非专业的;外行的:layopinion外行的竟见speakingasalayperson说外行话.(b)不合职业资格的（尤指在法律或医学方面）.laymann(pl-men)1外行;门外汉:abookwrittenforprofessionalsandlaymenalike为专业人员和外行人写的书.2普通教徒（有别於神职人员）figure1n[C](a)数字（尤指0至9）:Writethefigure`7'forme.给我写个‘7’字.Hehasanincomeofsixfigures/asix-figureincome.他有六位数字的收入.(b)(通常作单数)金额;价格:Weboughtthehouseatahigh/lowfigure.我们以高[低]价买下了那所房子.[C](a)图解;图表:Thefigureonpage22showsapoliticalmapofAfrica.第22页的插图是非洲的政区图.(b)几何图形.[C]装饰性的图案或系列动作:figure-skating花样滑冰.Theskaterexecutedaperfectsetoffigures.那个滑冰的人做出了一套完美的花样动作.[C]（绘画等中的）人或动物的像,画像,肖像:Thecentralfigureinthepaintingistheartist'sdaughter.画中间的那个人是画家的女儿.[C]身材;（尤指）体态,相貌:haveagoodfigure身材苗条I'mdietingtokeepmyfigure.我正在节食以保持身材不变（不发胖）.Isawafigureapproachinginthedarkness.我看见黑暗中有个人影走近.Hewasoncealeadingfigureinthecommunity,butnowhehasbecomeafigureoffun.他原是该社区的头面人物,但现在成了人们取笑的对象.She'safinefigureofawoman.她身材苗条.figures[pl]算术:Areyougoodatfigures?你的算术好吗?cutafine,poor,sorry,etcfigure出众﹑出丑﹑出洋相等.factsandfigures=>fact.putafigureonsth报价;确定某物的数量:It'simpossibletoputafigureonthenumberofhomelessaftertheflood.水灾过後无家可归的人不计其数.inroundfigures/numbers=>round1.singlefigures=>single.figureofspeech比喻:我不是说她真在外层空间--这只是打个比方.Ididn'treallymeanshewasinouterspaceit'sjustafigureofspeech.figure2v~(insth)出现或被提及（尤指引人注目的）: acharacterthatfiguresinmanyofhernovels在她多部小说中出现的一个人物(a)想（某事物）;估计:Ifigured(that)youwouldn'tcome.我料想你不会来.(b)(与it或that连用)有可能;可以理解:`Johnisn'theretoday.'`Thatfigures,helookedveryunwellyesterday.'‘约翰今天没来.’‘怪不得,他昨天就好像不太舒服.’figuresthin将某事物包括在内;计算在内:Haveyoufiguredinthecostoffoodforourholiday?你把度假的食物费用计算进去了吗?figureonsth计画;指望:IfigureonbeinginNewYorkinJanuary.我计画一月份在纽约.figuresb/sthout(a)理解某人[某事物];弄明白:I'veneverbeenabletofigurehimout.我一直不能理解他.Ican'tfigureoutwhyhequithisjob.我琢磨不透他为什麽要辞掉工作.Haveyoufiguredoutwhat'swrongwithyourcar?你找出你汽车的毛病了吗?(b)演算出;计算出:Haveyoufiguredouthowmuchtheholidaywillcost?你算出假期得花多少钱了吗?approach v（在空间或时间上）接近,靠近（某人[某事物]）:Thetimeisapproachingwhenwemustthinkaboutbuyinganewhouse.我们要想一想买新房子的事了,时机即将来临.Asyouapproachthetownthefirstbuildingyouseeisthechurch.接近那座城镇的时候,首先看到的就是教堂.（在性质或特点上）接近（某人[某事物]）:FewwritersevenbegintoapproachShakespeare'sgreatness.莎士比亚的伟大,鲜有作家能望其项背.（为求助或提供某事物）接近（某人）:approachone'sbankmanagerforaloan找银行经理寻求贷款Ifindhimdifficulttoapproach.我觉得他很难接近（不好谈话）.着手处理（事务﹑难题等）:要想解决这一难题,咱们先来考虑一下如何着手方为上策.Beforetryingtosolvethepuzzle,letusconsiderthebestwaytoapproachit.approachn1接近:Heavyfootstepssignalledtheteacher'sapproach.沉重的脚步声显示教师已经走近了.Atherapproachthechildrenranoff.她走近的时候,孩子们都跑了.2[C]~tosth性质或特点相似的事物:That'sthenearestapproachtoasmileheevermakes.那已算是他能做出的最近乎微笑的表示了.3[C]通路;进路;道路:Alltheapproachestothepalacewereguardedbytroops.通往宫殿的所有道路都有部队把守.4[C]方法;手段:anewapproachtolanguageteaching语言教学的新方法.5[C]（想与某人商议或亲近的）尝试,意图:俱乐部已试探向本地一家公司寻求资助.Theclubhasmadeanapproachtoalocalbusinessfirmforsponsorship.6[C]进场（飞机着陆前的最後飞行阶段）:theapproachtotherunway进入跑道的进场飞行.7[C]（高尔夫球赛中）从外野击向球穴区草地.8easy/difficultofapproach平易近人的[难於接近的].approachableadj1（指人或物）可接近的2和蔼可亲的. Thevillageisonlyapproachablefromthesouth.这个村子只有从南边才能到达.approachabilityn[U].beneficialadj~(tosth/sb)有益的;有用的;有好处的:abeneficialresult,influence,etc有益的结果﹑影响等Freshairisbeneficialtoone'shealth.新鲜空气有益於健康.benefitn(a)[U]利益,实惠,未来的好处（尤与以下所示动词及介词连用）:I'vehadthebenefitofagoodeducation.我得益於良好的教育.Itwasachievedwiththebenefitofmoderntechnology.借助现代技术这个目标已经达到.Thenewregulationswillbeofgreatbenefittousall.新规章对我们大家都会大有好处.Achangeinthelawwouldbetoeveryone'sbenefit.法律中的一项修改符合所有人的利益.(b)[C]优越性;优良条件:thebenefitsofmodernmedicine,science,highereducation现代医学﹑科学﹑高等教育的优良条件.[U,C]保险金;救济金;抚恤金;补助金:medical,unemployment,sickness,etcbenefit(s)医疗﹑失业﹑疾病等补助.[尤作定语]（为某运动员或慈善事业等筹款而举行的）义演或义赛:abenefitmatch,performance,concert,etc义赛﹑义演﹑慈善音乐会等.forsb'sbenefit以对某人进行帮助﹑指引﹑指导等:Thewarningsignwasputthereforthebenefitofthepublic.那儿设立了警告牌以引起人们的警惕.givesbthebenefitofthedoubt因证据不足而承认某人无罪﹑无过失等:Byallowinghertogofreethejudgegavetheaccusedthebenefitofthedoubt.法官对被告作了无罪推定而释放了她.benefitv(pt,pp-fited;USalso-fitted)1使（某人[某物]）受益:Thesefacilitieshavebenefitedthewholetown.这些设施使全城受益.2~(from/bysth)得益:Hehasn'tbenefitedfromtheexperience.他虽有体验却无长进.expand /v~(sth)(intosth)使（某事物）变大,扩大,增大,增加,增强,扩展:Metalsexpandwhentheyareheated.金属受热则膨胀.Atyreexpandswhenyoupumpairintoit.轮胎一打气就鼓起来.Ourforeigntradehasexpandedgreatlyinrecentyears.我国对外贸易近年来已有极大发展.Whynottrytoexpandyourstoryintoanovel?你怎麽不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?伸展;伸开;张开;展开:Thepetalsoftheflowersexpandedinthesunshine.花瓣在阳光下张开了.Hisfaceexpandedinasmileofwelcome.他喜笑颜开地表示欢迎.（指人）变得热情或愿意交谈:客人们喝了一两杯酒以後,就有说有笑了.Theguestsexpandedalittlewhenthey'dhadaglassortwoofwine.expandonsth阐述或详述（某事,故事,论点等）:Youmentionedtheneedforextrafunding.Wouldyouexpandonthat?你曾提到需要一笔额外资金.你详细谈谈好吗?expansionn[U]扩大;扩展;膨胀:theexpansionofgaseswhenheated气体受热时的膨胀theexpansionofhisbusinessinterests他的商业利益的增加theexpansionoftheschoolsystem学校机构的扩大. obvious adj显然的;明显的;明白的;清楚的:Hisnervousnesswasobviousrightfromthestart.他从一开始就显然十分紧张.Itwasobvioustoeveryonethatthechildhadbeenbadlytreated.大家都清楚那孩子受虐待.obviouslyadv显然;明白地:Obviously,sheneedshelp.她显然需要帮助.Hewasobviouslydrunk.他显然是醉了.obviousnessn[U]:Theobviousnessoftheliewasembarrassing.那是明摆着的谎话,真叫人难为情.situation n状况,处境,局面,形势（尤指某时期的）:findoneselfinanembarrassingsituation觉得自己处於尴尬的境地getinto/outofadifficultsituation陷入[摆脱]困难的状况（城镇﹑建筑物等相对於周围环境的）位置:abeautifulsituationoverlookingthevalley可俯瞰山谷的优美地点.有酬劳的工作;职业:findanewsituation找个新工作savethesituation挽回局势;渡过难关:Disagreementsthreatenedtowreckthepeacetalks,butthepresident'sinterventionsavedthesituation.讲和谈判因意见分歧危如累卵,而会长从中斡旋方转危为安.responsibility n[U]~(forsb/sth)责任;负责:have,showasenseofresponsibility有﹑显示出责任感take,assume,accept,bearfullresponsibilityfortheconsequences对後果承担全部责任[C]~(tosb)职责;任务;义务:It'smyresponsibilitytolockthedoors.我负责锁门.responsible adj~(forsb/sth);~(fordoingsth)（在法律上或道义上）须负责任,承担责任:Allpilotsareresponsiblefortheirpassengers'safety.飞机驾驶员均应对乘客的安全负责.oumustmakeyourselfpersonallyresponsibleforpayingthesebills.你应该个人支付这些帐.~tosb/sth对自己的行动向主管者或上级承担责任:bedirectly/indirectlyresponsibletothePresident直接[间接]向总统负责.~(forsth)应对自己的行为负责:醉汉不能为其行为负全部责任.Adrunkmancannotbeheld/consideredfullyresponsibleforhisactions.(a)（指人）可靠的,可信赖的:behavelikeresponsiblecitizens做有责任心的公民Sheisveryresponsibleforasix-year-old.对於六岁的孩子来说,她算是很靠得住的(b)（指工作等）需可靠的人来做的;责任重大的:ahighlyresponsibleposition极其重要的职位~(forsth)作为（某事物的）原因;应归咎或归功（於某事物）:Who'sresponsibleforthismess?是谁弄得这麽乱?Smokingisresponsibleformanycasesoflungcancer.吸烟是许多人患肺癌的致病因素.responsiblyadv明事理地;合乎理性地;可信赖地:act,behaveresponsibly行动﹑行事靠得住keyn[C]钥匙:turnthekeyinthelock转动锁孔中的钥匙thekeytothefrontdoor前门的钥匙[C]类似钥匙的器具（如上钟表发条用的）: Where'sthekeyforturningofftheradiator?关散热器的开关在哪里?[C](a)调:asonatainthekeyofEflatmajor/Aminor一首降E大调[A小调]奏鸣曲(b)（事物的）基调,调子,调门儿:Herspeechwasallinthesamekey.她的演说自始至终是一个调子（单调乏味）.[C]（打字机﹑钢琴等的）键[C](a)题解;答案:abookoflanguagetests,completewithkey附答案的语言测验试题集.(b)（地图﹑图表等上的）略语表,符号表,凡例,图例.[通常作单数]~(tosth)关键;要诀:Dietandexercisearethekey(togoodhealth).吃固定食物﹑做运动是（身体健康的）关键.（助灰浆或颜料附着的）粗糙表面:[C]翅果（如梣﹑榆等树的果实）keyadj极重要的;关键性的:akeyfigureinthedispute争论中的关键人物willingadj(a)愿意或乐於相助的:willingassistants主动帮忙的人.(b)~(todosth)不反对（做某事）;愿意:Areyouwillingtoacceptresponsibility?你愿意承担责任吗?愿意或喜欢做的﹑给的等:willingco-operation,help,support自愿的合作﹑帮助﹑支持Godwilling用以表示但愿事情能如愿:I'llbebacknextweek,Godwilling.如一切顺利,我下周就回来.showwilling表示愿意做某事（如努力工作﹑帮助别人等）:Idon'tthinkI'mneededasahelper,butI'llgoanyway,justtoshowwilling.我想并不需要我帮忙,但我还是要去,以示诚意.thespiritiswilling(butthefleshisweak)(谚)心余力绌.awillinghorse积极工作的人（有别於常发牢骚或不满的人）willinglyadv.willingnessn:show(a)willingnesstoplease表现出愿意讨好别人.tax n[C,U]税;税额:income/property/salestax所得[物业/营业]税ataxonsth某物的负担或重负:ataxonone'shealth,strength对健康﹑体力的影响.taxv1对（某人[某事物]）徵税;要求（某人）纳税:Myincomeistaxedatsource.我的收入已先行扣除了所得税.2造成（某事物）的重负;使超过极限:Allthesequestionsarebeginningtotaxmypatience.所有这些问题逐渐使我不胜其烦.3给（某物）纳税;上税:ThecaristaxeduntilJuly.这辆汽车七月前已上税.4taxone's/sb'sbrain(s)给某人[自己]安排伤脑筋的工作:Thiscrosswordwillreallytaxyourbrain.这纵横字谜真能让人大伤脑筋.5taxsbwithsth指控某人某事:Shewastaxedwithnegligence/withhavingbeennegligent.她被指控疏忽职守.taxableadj应纳税的;可能需纳税的:taxableearnings应纳税的收入.taxingadj累人的;烦人的;繁重的:ataxingjob烦人的工作. tax-freeadj免税的:atax-freebonus免税红利.taxmann(pl-men)1[C]税务员;收税员.2thetaxman税务部门;税务机关taxpayern纳税人.staten[C]状态;状况;情况;情形:Thehousewasinadirtystate.那房子很脏.Thesebuildingsareinabadstateofrepair.这些建筑物亟待修葺.apoorstateofhealth健康欠佳Shewasinaterriblestatewhenwearrived.我们抵达时,她情绪很不好.(State)[C]国;国家;领土:theStateofIsrael以色列国modernEuropeanstates现代的欧洲国家(State)[C]（联邦或共和国的）州,邦(theState)[U]政府;国家:ManybelievetheStateshouldprovideschools,homesandhospitalsforeveryone.许多人认为国家应该为全民提供学校教育﹑住房以及医疗服务.[U]国家级的礼仪;盛观:总统在盛大的仪式中乘车从街上通过.ThePresidentwasdriveninstatethroughthestreets.theStates[pl]美国:I'veneverbeentotheStates.我从来没去过美国.in/intoastate处於[陷入]激动或焦躁的情绪中:Shegotherselfintoastateabouttheexams.她对这次考试心里很慌.inastateofnature赤身露体;一丝不挂astateofaffairs情况;局势:Whatashockingstateofaffairs!局势真惊人哪!shockn[C]强烈的冲击或震动（如因碰撞或爆炸造成的）:earthquakeshocks地震Ifelttheshockastheaircrafthittheground.飞机着陆时我感觉到震了一下.[C]=electricshock触电;电休克;电震;电击:Ifyoutouchthislivewire,you'llgetashock.摸这条带电的导线,就会触电.[C]震惊;震骇;惊愕:Thenewsofhismother'sdeathwasaterribleshocktohim.他母亲去世的噩耗使他非常震惊.ItgavemequiteashocktobetoldIwasseriouslyill.听说我的病很严重,我吃了一惊.[U]休克:bein/gointoshock处於休克状态shockv[尤用於被动语态]使（某人）震惊;使（某人）感到厌恶﹑愤怒﹑恐惧等:Iwasshockedatthenewsofherdeath.我听到她去世的消息十分震惊.Hewasshockedtohearhischildswearing.他听见他孩子骂人非常生气.shockingadj1令人气愤的;令人厌恶的;极坏的;非常错误的:她的行为太过分了,我简直无法形容.WhatshedidwassoshockingthatIcanhardlydescribeit.2令人震惊的:shockingnews令人震惊的消息.3很糟的:shockingluck,weather,handwriting,work很糟的运气﹑天气﹑笔迹﹑作品Thefoodhereisshocking.这儿的食物糟透了.shockinglyadv1badly糟糕地:You'replayingshockingly.你演奏得很糟糕.2极;非常:ashockinglyexpensivedress特贵的连衣裙. disappoint v使（某人）失望:Don'tdisappointmebybeinglateagain.别再迟到了,不要叫我失望.使（希望﹑计划等）不能实现:disappointsb'sexpectations,sb'scalculations使某人的希望破灭﹑使某人的如意算盘落空.disappointedadj~(about/atsth);~(in/withsb/sth);~(todosth/that..)失望的;失意的;受挫的:bedisappointedabout/atsb'sfailure对某人的失败感到失望Iwasdisappointedwithhisperformance.他的表现令我失望.I'mdisappointedinyou:Iexpectedyoutowin.你让我失望了,我本来指望你能赢的.Hewasdisappointedtoheartheywerenotcoming.他听说他们不来了,感到很扫兴.Iwasdisappointednottobechosen.我没被挑中,感到很沮丧.disappointedlyadv.disappointingadj令人失望的;扫兴的:adisappointingnovel令人失望的小说disappointinglyadv:Disappointingly,hehadnothingnewtoshowus.他没什麽新鲜东西给我们看,使人感到失望.disappointmentn[U]失望;沮丧:Toourgreatdisappointment,itrainedonthedayofthepicnic.使我们大失所望的是野餐那天下起雨来了.[C]~(tosb)令人失望的人或事物:Notgettingthejobwasaterribledisappointment.得不到那份工作,叫人失望极了.Hischildrenareadisappointmenttohim.他的孩子让他感到失望.shamen[U]羞耻;羞愧;惭愧:feelshameathavingtoldalie说谎後感到羞愧hangone'sheadinshame惭愧得低下了头TomyshameIneverthankedhimforhiskindness.我感到惭愧的是对他的好意我从未…[U]羞愧感:Howcouldyoudosuchathing?Haveyounoshame?你怎麽竟然做出这种事?你难道不知羞耻吗?Sheiscompletelywithoutshame.她恬不知耻.[U]耻辱:bringshameonsb/oneself使某人[自己]丢脸ashame(a)可耻的人或事物:It'sashametotakemoneyfromthosewhocan'taffordit.拿别人的钱使人家无以自立是十分可耻的.(b)遗憾的事;可惜:Whatashameyoudidn'twin.你没赢,真遗憾.Isn'titashamethattherainspoiledourpicnic?这场雨把我们的野餐给搅了,可惜不可惜?putsb/sthtoshame大大优越於某人[某事物]:Yourbeautifulhandwritingputsmyuntidyscrawltoshame.你漂亮的字体把我的潦草字迹比得见不得人.shameonyou你（对做的事或说的话）应该感到羞耻:Howcouldyoutreathersobadly?Shameonyou!你怎麽能待她那麽坏?真可耻!shamev1(a)使（某人）感到羞愧:Hewasshamedbyhowmuchmoreworktheothershaddone.别人做得多得多,他感到很难为情.(b)给（某人）带来耻辱;使丢脸:You'veshamedyourfamily.你给你们家丢脸了.It'squiteshamingthatoursocietycaressolittleforthepoor. 我们这个社会对穷人很不关心,是很难堪的事.2shamesbinto/outofdoingsth使某人感到惭愧而做[不做]某事:shamesbintoapologizing使某人惭愧得赔礼道歉.shameful可耻的;丢脸的:shamefulconduct,deceit,etc可耻的行为﹑骗局等.shamefullyadv.shamefulnessn[U].shamelessadj无羞耻感的;无耻的;不要脸的:ashamelesscheat,liar无耻的骗子﹑说谎的人ashamed adj[作表语]~(ofsth/sb/oneself);~(that...)感到羞耻;感到惭愧:Youshouldbeashamedofyourselffortellingsuchlies.你应该为说这些谎话而感到羞耻.Hefeltashamedofhavingdonesolittlework.他因只做了这麽一点儿工作而感到惭愧.IfeelashamedthatIhaven'twrittenforsolong.我很久未曾写信,甚为惭愧.~todosth因为羞耻或惭愧而勉强作某事:Hefelttooashamedtoaskforhelp.他不好意思请求帮助.I'mashamedtoletyouseemypaintings.让你看我的画,很难为情.arrest v依法逮捕,拘留,扣留:Afterthematchthreeyouthswerearrested.比赛过後有三个青年被捕.阻止或抑制（进展或运动）:Attemptsarebeingmadetoarrestthespreadofthedisease.现正设法遏止这种疾病的蔓延.吸引（某事物）:Anunusualpaintingarrestedhisattention.一幅异乎寻常的画引起了他的注意.arrestn1逮捕;拘留:Thepolicemadeseveralarrests.警方逮捕了好几个人.2停止:Thepatientdiedaftersufferingacardiacarrest.患心搏停止而死亡（心脏停止跳动）3be/placesb/putsbunderarrest被逮捕;被拘留;成为囚犯:Iamplacingyouunderarrestforattemptedburglary.我按企图盗窃罪逮捕你.Youareunderarrest.你被捕了.arrestingadj引人注意的;显着的:anarrestingsmile引人注目的微笑.customsn[pl]进口税;关税:paycustomsonsth为某物缴纳进口税.(theCustoms)海关:TheCustomshavefoundheroinhiddeninfreight.海关查出了隐藏在货物中的海洛因.customshouse（尤指港口的）海关.customn(a)[C,U]习俗;风俗:Itisdifficulttogetusedtoanothercountry'scustoms.要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是很困难的.(b)[C]个人的习惯:Itismycustomtoriseearly.早起是我的习惯.arrivaln[U]到达;抵达:On(your)arrivalatthehotelpleasewaitforfurtherinstructions.（你）抵达旅馆後,请听候进一步指示.[C]到达的人或物:Latearrivalsmustwaitinthefoyer.来晚的人要在门厅等候.resourcen[Cusupl通常作复数]资源:richinnatural,mineral,agricultural,etcresources自然的﹑矿产的﹑农业的...资源丰富 source n河流的源头;发源地:thesourcesoftheNile尼罗河的发源地来源;出处:newsfromareliablesource来源可靠的消息alimitedsourceofincome有限的收入来源limitn[C]限度;极限;界线;限界:withinthecitylimits在该城范围内Hetriedmypatiencetoitslimits.他把我逼得忍无可忍了.允许的或可能的最大限度;限量:There'salimittohowmuchI'mpreparedtospend.我准备花多少钱是有限度的.(be)thelimit所能忍受的或无法再忍受的极限:Youreallyarethe(absolute)limit!你真让人忍无可忍!offlimits(US)=outofbounds(bounds).thesky'sthelimit=>sky.withinlimits适度地;有限度地:I'mwillingtohelp,withinlimits.我愿适当予以帮助.withoutlimi无限地;无限制地.limitlessadjwithoutlimit无限制的;无限度的;无界限的;无止境的:limitlessambition,greed,wealth无限度的野心﹑贪慾﹑财富.Limitv~sb/sth(tosth)给某人[某事物]定界限;限定某人[某事物]:shalllimitmyselftothreeaspectsofthesubject.我仅探讨这一问题的三个方面.limitedadj有限的;少的;小的:Onlyalimitednumberofplacesisavailable.只有少数地方可供使用.limitedliabilitycompany(缩写Ltd)有限责任公司limitingadj限制的;限制性的:Timeisthelimitingfactor.时间是限制性的因素.clapv(-pp-)(a)~sth(together)拍（手）;鼓（掌）:Theyclappedtheirhandsintimetothemusic.他们随着音乐的节拍鼓起掌来.(b)不断鼓掌以示赞许（某人[某事物]）;鼓掌欢迎:Theaudienceclapped(her/herspeech)enthusiastically.听众热情地（为她[为她的讲话]）鼓起掌来.~sbonsth（用手掌）轻轻拍打某人（通常为友好地）:clapsbontheback轻拍某人的背.clap/lay/seteyesonsb/sth=>eye1.clapholdofsb/sth突然或用力抓住某人[某物]:Here,clapholdofthis!喂,抓住这个!clapsbin/intojail,prison,etc迅速将某人关进监狱（常未经审讯）.clapsthon(sth)涨价,提价（尤指不得人心的）:TheGovernmenthasclappedanextratenpenceonapacketofcigarettes.政府对每包香烟额外提价十便士.(be)clappedout（指人）筋疲力尽;（指物）破烂不堪:aclapped-outoldbicycle破烂不堪的旧自行车.clapn1鼓掌;掌声:Let'sgiveherabigclap,ieapplaudher.咱们给她用力鼓掌.2[C]~onsth善意的拍打:givesbaclapontheback在某人背上拍一下.3[C]突然的巨响:aclapofthunder雷鸣.Combatn[C,U]（两人﹑两军等的）格斗,搏斗,战斗: armed/unarmedcombat武装的[非武装的]斗争combatv~(against/with)sb/sth(a)与（某人[某事物]）战斗,斗争,搏斗:combattheenemy与敌人作战.(b)试图减少﹑减弱或消灭（某事物）:combatingdisease,terrorism与疾病﹑恐怖主义作斗争combatant/ˋkɑmbətənt/n,adj参战者;战士combative/ˋkɑmbətɪv/adj斗志旺盛的;好斗的;好争论的:inacombativemood斗志昂扬combativelyadv.convention n[C]（某一职业﹑政党等之人士召开的）大会:ateachers'convention教师会议holdaconvention召开大会(a)[U]（某种情况下的）习俗,惯例:Conventiondictatesthat依照常规…Byconventionaslavetoconvention传统的奴隶（墨守成规的人）(b)[C]惯常作法;惯例[C]（国家﹑首脑等之间的）协议,协定:theGenevaConvention,（关於战俘待遇等问题的）日内瓦协定.conventional adj(a)依照惯例的;约定俗成的;因循守旧的:She'ssoconventionalinherviews.她观点太保守(b)依照传统的;符合习俗的:aconventionaldesign,method传统的式样﹑方法.（尤指武器）常规的,非核的:conventionalmissiles,warfare,etc常规的导弹﹑战争等establish v建立,设立（某事物）:Thisbusinesswasestablishedin1860.这家公司成立於1860年.establishacloserelationshipwithsb与某人建立起密切的关系.[只用於被动语态]~sb/oneself(insth)(assth)使某人[自己]任职;安置;安顿:Wearenowcomfortablyestablishedinournewhouse.我们现已在新居舒适地安顿下来了.Heestablishedhimselfasgovernoroftheprovince.他当上了省长.确定（某事物）;证实Thepolicecan'testablishwherehewasatthetime.警方无法确定当时他在哪里.使人接受（信仰﹑风俗﹑求等）:Establishedpracticesaredifficulttochange.积习难改.Hissecondnovelestablishedhisfameasawriter.他的第二部小说确立了他作家之名.establishment n[U]设立;建立:theestablishmentofanewcollege新学院的成立.[C]商业机构或大型机关（的房屋建筑）:aneducationalestablishment教育机构（如学校）一机构的雇员﹑家庭成员等:Wehavealargeestablishment.员工编制很大（有许多职工）.fencen栅栏;篱笆;围墙comedownononesideofthefenceortheother在两者之间做出选择;支持两方中之一方:Thejuryisconsideringitsverdictandwe'rewaitingtoseewhichsideofthefencethey'llcomedownon.陪审团正在考虑裁决,我们等着看他们支持哪一方.sitonthefence骑墙;持观望态度fencev1用栅栏﹑篱笆﹑围墙等将（某物）围着或隔开等: Farmersfencetheirfields.农人用篱笆把田地围起.Hislandwasfencedwithbarbedwire.他的土地用铁丝网围着.2fencesb/sthin(a)用栅栏﹑篱笆﹑围墙等围着或圈起某人[某物]:Thegroundsarefencedintopreventtrespassing.庭院用栅栏围着以防外人进去.(b)限制某人的自由:Shefeltfencedinbydomesticroutine.她觉得完全被家务事束缚住了.fencesthoff用栅栏﹑篱笆﹑围墙等将（某处）隔开:Oneendofthegardenwasfencedoffforchickens.花园的一端已用篱笆隔开来养鸡.fencev[I]击剑.~(withsb/sth)回避;避免作正面回答:Stopfencingwithmeanswermyquestion!别躲躲闪闪--回答我的问题!fencern击剑运动员.fencingn[U]击剑术;击剑运动decreasev（使某物）变小或变少;减少:Studentnumbershavedecreasedby500.学生人数减少了500名.decreasen~(insth)(a)[U]减少;降低:somedecreaseinthecrimerate犯罪率的少许降低.(b)[C]减少的量:adecreaseof3%intherateofinflation通货膨胀率降低3%Therehasbeenadecreaseinimports.进口货物有所减少.onthedecrease在减少:Iscrimeonthedecrease?犯罪案件是否在减少?stockn[C,U]（商店﹑货栈等的）库存物,存货:agoodstockofshoes库存充足的鞋Yourordercanbesuppliedfromstock.您订的货可从仓库中提取.[C,U]~(ofsth)供给;供应;贮备量:agoodstockofjokes很多的笑话Stocksoffoodarerunninglow.存的食物越来越少了.(also`livestock)[U]家畜;牲畜:buysomemorestockforbreeding再买些牲畜来饲养.[C,U]公债:governmentstock公债.(a)[U]（公司的）资本.(b)[Cusupl通常作复数]股份（不按固定数目发行的,有别於shares）:investinstocksandshares投资於证券.[U]世系,家世,血统（以形容词表明所属类型）:bornoffarmingstock农民家庭出身.[U]（别人的）评价;名声:Hisstockishigh,ieHeiswellthoughtof.他的声望很高.[U]原料:paperstock造纸原料[C,U]（用骨头﹑肉﹑鱼﹑蔬菜等炖成的）汤汁,高汤:chickenstock鸡汤[C]（仪器﹑工具等的）基座,支座,手柄:thestockofarifle/plough步枪枪托[犁具手柄[C]树干下部的粗大部分.[C]砧木.stocks[pl]船台（造船或修船的）.stocks[pl]足枷（有时附手枷,旧时刑具）:beputinthestocks被戴上足枷[C](a)（旧时男子颈上围的）硬领.(b)（作为正式骑马服装之配件的）领巾. (c)（牧师系的）黑领带或紫领带.[C,U]紫罗兰.(be)in/outofstock（商店等中）有[无]现货的:Thebookisin/outofstock.该书有库存[已脱销].Haveyouanygreypulloversinstock?你们有灰色套头毛衣的现货吗?lockstockandbarrelonthestocks在建造中;在准备中:我们正着手生产一种新的款式,可望在秋季面世.Ournewmodelisalreadyonthestocksandwillbeavailableintheautumn.takestock(ofsth)（商店﹑仓库等）盘点存货takestock(ofsb/sth)（对情况﹑某人的能力等）进行检查﹑评估和鉴定stockv储备,贮存（货物）;保持...之供应:Doyoustockraincoats?你们有雨衣存货吗?~sth(withsth)（以货物﹑牲畜或供应品）供应某处:stockashopwithgoods向商店供货Hehasamemorywellstockedwithfacts.他记着很多事情.stockup(on/withsth)(forsth)（为某种需要或目的）储备（某物）:stockuponfuelforthewinter贮存燃料以备过冬stockupwithfoodforChristmas为圣诞节购备食品.equipv(-pp-)~sb/sth(withsth)配备;装备:Pleaseequipyourselfwithasharppencilandarubberfortheexam.请准备一枝尖的铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试.Agoodeducationshouldequipyouforlife.有良好的教育能受用终生.equipmentn[U]设备;装备:officeequipment办公室的设备sportsequipment运动器材afactorywithmodernequipment有现代化设备的工厂.technical adj技术的;应用科学的:atechnicalschool技术学校*atechnicaleducation技术教育.专科的;艺术的;工艺的;技艺的;技巧的:thetechnicaltermsofchemistry化学专业术语（指书等）要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的:Thearticleisrathertechnicalinplaces.这篇论文中有些地方相当专业化.严格按法律意义的:technicalassault法律上成立的人身攻击.techniciann技术员;技师;工艺师.巧匠.techniquen(a)[C]技术;方法;手段;（尤指艺术或科学方面的）技法,手法,技巧:applyingmoderntechniquestoatraditionalcraft将现代技术用於传统手工业.(b)[U]技能:displayed(a)flawlesstechnique显示出精湛的技艺.technologyn[U]科技;工艺及应用科学（如工程技术）;工艺学;工程学.（工业等方面的）技术应用:recentadvancesinmedicaltechnology医疗技术的新进展thetechnologyofcomputers计算机的工业技术.technologicaladj:amajortechnologicalbreakthrough主要的技术性突破technologistn技术﹑工艺﹑工程等的专家.measurev(a)~(sth)(up)量度;测量（某物）: Thetailormeasuredme(up)forasuit.裁缝给我量尺寸做衣服.(b)估计,估量（某事物）;衡量;判定:没有见过他的作品,很难估计他的能力.It'shardtomeasurehisabilitywhenwehaven'tseenhiswork.为（某体积﹑长度﹑容积等）:Theroommeasures10metresacross.这房间宽10米.仔细考虑（某事物）:He'samanwhomeasureshiswords.他是个用词很讲究的人.Shefailedtomeasuretheeffectofheractionsonherfamily.她未虑及其行为对家庭的影响.~sthagainst/withsth/sb（通过竞争﹑冲突等）考验某事物,较量:measureone'sstrengthagainstsbelse跟别人比力气Youhavetomeasureyourdeterminationwiththatofotherpeople.较量一下决心measureone'slength扑跌在地上measureone'sstrength(with/againstsb)与某人比强弱.measuresthoff量出某物若干长度:Shemeasuredofftwometresofcloth.她量出两米的布measuresthout给予某量的某物:measureoutadoseofmedicine量出一剂药.measureup(tosth)达到或符合某标准:Thediscussionsdidn'tmeasureup(tomyexpectations).这些讨论有负（我的）期望.measurableadj1可量度的;可测量的;可衡量的.2明显的;重大的:There'sbeenameasureableimprovementinhiswork.他的工作已有很大改进raise v(a)举起,升起,提起,抬起（某物）:raiseone'shand举手Heraisedhiseyesfromhiswork.他停下工作举目观看.raiseone'shattosb向某人举帽致敬.(b)竖起,立起,扶起（某物[某人]）:raiseamanfromhisknees把跪着的男子搀起来~sth(tosth)增加某物之数量或容量;提高某事物的水平:raisesalaries,prices,profits,etc增加薪水﹑提高价格﹑加大利润raiseone'svoice提高嗓门raisestandardsofservice提高服务水平raisesb'shopes点燃某人的希望.引起,激起（某事物）;使（某事物）产生或出现:raisedoubts,fears,suspicions,etcinpeople'sminds引起人们的怀疑﹑恐惧﹑猜疑等(a)使（某事）尽人皆知:raisethealarm/alert发出警报Theretortraisedacheerinsupportofthespeaker.发言人这一反驳博得了一片支持的欢呼声(b)将（某事物）提出讨论或引起注意:Thebookraisesmanyimportantissues(forourconsideration).该书提出了许多重要问题（值得考虑）.I'mgladyouraisedthatpoint.你能把那一点指出来,我感到很高兴.召集或集结（某事物）;筹措:raisefundsforcharity筹集慈善基金（如藉助於举行义卖活动）(a)养育（孩子等）:Iwasraisedbymyauntonafarm.我是在农场由姨妈抚养大的.(b)饲养（家畜）;种植或生产（作物）~sth(tosb/sth)建造或树立（纪念碑﹑雕像等）:raiseamemorialtothosekilledinwar立碑纪念战争中的死难者.解除（包围等）:raiseablockade,aban,anembargo解除封锁﹑禁令﹑禁运.与（某人）接触;与（某人）建立联系;找到（某人）: Ican'traiseheronthephone.我打电话找不到她.（纸牌戏,尤指扑克牌戏中）下赌注超过（对手）:I'llraiseyou!我超过你（的赌注）!kickup/raiseadust=>dust1.lift/raiseafinger/hand=>lift.raiseone'seyebrows(atsth)(尤用於被动语态)表示轻蔑或惊讶:Eyebrowswereraised/Thereweremanyraisedeyebrowswhenheshavedallhishairoff.他把头发剃光了,人人见了都大吃一惊.raiseone'sglass(tosb)drinkatoast(tosb)向（某人）祝酒raisesb'shackles=>hackles.raise/startahare=>hare.raisealaugh/smile逗得人大笑[发笑].raise/lowerone'ssights=>sight1.raisesb'sspirits使某人感到振奋或受到鼓舞;鼓起某人的勇气:Mywinatchessraisedmyspiritsalittle.我赢了这盘国际象棋才打起了一点精神.raisethetemperature加剧紧张气氛﹑敌对情绪等:Thisinsultraisedthetemperatureofthediscussion.这侮辱的言语使讨论的气氛顿时紧张起来.raiseone'svoiceagainstsb/sth坚决而勇敢地发言反对某人[某事物].raisen(US)=rise13:getaraiseof200获得加薪200英镑.concernv(a)是（某人）的事;对...有重要性;影响:Don'tinterfereinwhatdoesn'tconcernyou.别管与自己无关的事.(b)关於（某事物）;作为议题:areportthatconcernsdrugabuse关於滥用毒品的报告.~oneselfwith/in/aboutsth忙於（某事）;关心（某事）:There'snoneedtoconcernyourselfwiththismatter;we'redealingwithit.你不用管这事了,我们正在处理.使（某人）担忧;使烦恼;打扰:Ourlossesarebeginningtoconcernme.损失使我担起心来.as/sofarassb/sthisconcernedbeconcernedinsth与某事有牵连或对某事负有责任:Hewasconcernedinthecrime.他与那起罪案有牵连.beconcernedtodosth把做某事视为自己的事.beconcernedwithsth与某事物有关;涉及某事物:Herlatestdocumentaryisconcernedwithyouthunemployment.她最近的一部纪录片是关於青年人失业问题的.concernedadj~(about/forsth/that...)担心的;烦恼的;忧虑的:Concernedparentsheldameeting.忧心忡忡的家长们开了一次会.We'reallconcernedforhersafety.我们都为她的安全担忧.concerningprep关於（某人[某事物]）:aletterconcerningyourcomplaint关於你投诉的信件concernn(a)[U]~(for/about/oversth/sb);~(that...)担心;忧虑;焦虑;焦急:Thereisnowconsiderableconcernfortheirsafety.现在对他们的安全相当担心.(b)[C]焦虑的原因:我们最忧虑的是他们一直没有得到足够的帮助.Ourmainconcernisthattheyarenotreceivingenoughhelp.[C]对某人来说是重要的或感兴趣的事物: Whatareyourmainconcernsasawriter?你身为作家,对什麽最感兴趣?It'snoconcernofmine.这事与我无关.[C]企业;公司;商行:ahugeindustrialconcern巨大的工业企业Ourlittlecornershopisnolongerapayingconcerne.我们这个街头小店已赚不到钱了.[C]~(insth)股份:Hehasaconcerninthebusiness.他在企业中有股份（他是股东之一）.treat v~sb(as/likesth)对待某人:Theytreattheirchildrenverybadly.他们对待子女很不好.Youshouldtreatthemwithmoreconsideration.你应该多体谅他们一点.Don'ttreatmeas(ifIwere)anidiot.别把我当傻瓜.~sthassth把某事物看作;视某事物为:Idecidedtotreathisremarkasajoke.(a)探讨,讨论（问题）:Theproblemhasbeenbettertreatedinotherbooks.这问题在其他书里说得更清楚.(b)~ofsth（指书﹑讲座等）论及某事物:anessaytreatingofphilosophicaldoubt涉及哲学上有关怀疑的论文.~sb/sth;~sb(forsth)医治（人或疾病）:Shewastreatedforsunstroke.因中暑接受治疗~sth(withsth)（用防护措施或物质）处理某物:treatcropswithinsecticide用杀虫剂处理作物.~sb/oneself(tosth)以某事物（如食物或娱乐）款待某人或使自己获得享受:Shetreatedeachofthechildrentoanice-cream.她请孩子每人吃个冰激凌.~withsb与某人谈判:Thegovernmentrefusestotreatwithterrorists.当局拒绝与恐怖分子谈判.treatsblikedirt/adog视如草芥:Theytreattheirworkerslikedirt.把工人看得粪土不如treatn1乐事,乐趣（尤指意想不到的或难得的）:Herson'svisitsareagreattreatforher.她儿子来看望她,她心里喜滋滋的.2款待;招待;请客:Thisismytreat,ieI'llpay.这次我请客.3aDutchtreat=>Dutch.trickortreat=>trickn.treatableadj:atreatablecancer能治疗的癌症.rely v(pt,pprelied)~on/uponsb/sth(todosth)指望或依赖某人[某事物]:现今人们越来越依赖计算机协助工作.Nowadayswerelyincreasinglyoncomputersforhelp/tohelpus.*Youcanrelyuponitthatitwillrainthisweekend.你放心好了,本周末一定下雨.Shecannotbereliedontotellthetruth.别指望她能说真话.信任或信赖某人/某事物:Youcanrelyonmetokeepyoursecret.你尽管相信我为你保密advisev~(sb)againststh/doingsth;~sb(onsth)劝告;忠告;建议:Thedoctoradvised(metotake)acompleterest.医生让（我）完全休息.Theyadvisedheragainstmarryingquickly.他们劝她不要太快结婚.Weadvisedthattheyshouldstartearly/advisedthemtostartearly.建议他们应该及早开始 I'dadvisetakingadifferentapproach.我建议换个方式.~sb(ofsth)通知或告知某人:货物发出[货物发出时]请通知我们.Pleaseadviseusofthedispatchofthegoods/whenthegoodsaredispatched.hunt1v打猎;猎取（野生禽兽）:gohunting去打猎Wolveshuntinpacks.狼是成群猎食的.~(forsth/sb)搜索（某物[某人]）;试图找到（某物[某人]）:huntforalostbook寻找一本失去的书Policearehuntinganescapedcriminal.警方正在追捕逃犯.赶走,驱逐（某物）;追逐,追击（某物）:hunttheneighbour'scatsoutofthegarden把邻居的猫赶出花园.(a)（猎狐活动中）随猎狗通过或进入（某区域）:huntthecountry在郊野猎狐.(b)用（马或猎狗）打猎.(c)带（一群猎狗）打猎.runwiththehareandhuntwiththehounds=>hare.huntsb/sthdown对某人[某物]穷追到底:huntdownacriminal追捕罪犯.huntsthout找出（尤指闲置或不复使用之物）:huntoutanolddiary找出一本旧日记.huntsthup寻找（指隐蔽而不易发现）:huntupreferencesinthelibrary查找参考资料endangerv危及,危害（某人[某事物]）;使遭到危险:Smokingendangersyourhealth.吸烟危害健康.Thegiantpandaisanendangeredspecies.大熊猫是面临绝种危险的动物.assessv~sth(atsth)确定,评定（某数额）:assesssb'staxes/income评定某人的税额[总收入]确定,评定某事物的价值;估价:haveahouseassessedbyavaluer由估价者给房子估价.~sth(assth)估计﹑评定某事物的质量:It'sdifficulttoassesstheimpactofthePresident'sspeech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.I'dassessyourchancesasextremelylow.我估计你成功的机会极微.assessmentn1(a)[U]确定;评定(b)[C]评价;看法:Whatisyourassessmentofthesituation?你对这一情况有什麽看法?2[C]核定的付款额:ataxassessment税款核定额.assessorn1（评定税款或财产价值等的）评税员,估价员.2陪审法官（法庭技术顾问）.rangen[C]（山﹑丘等连贯而成的）脉,排,列,行:amountain-range山脉.[C]成套或成系列的东西;种类:haveawide/narrowrangeofinterests,hobbies兴趣﹑爱好甚广[不广].Thenewmodelcomesinanexcitingrangeofcolours.这种新式样有各种鲜艳的颜色.*[C]（种类或变化的）限度,范围,幅度,程度:Theannualrangeoftemperatureisfrom-10Cto40C.全年的温度较差为-10C至40C.There'sawiderangeofabilityintheclass.这班的水平差距很大.Thatsubjectisoutsidemyrange那个问题已超出了我的研究范围.(a)[U]视力或听力所达到的距离;声音所能传送的距离:Itcamewithinmyrangeofvision.该物体进入了我的视野. Shewasoutofrange(ofmyvoice).她在那地方听不见（我的声音）.(b)（枪炮﹑导弹等的）射程:Thegunhasarangeoffivemiles.这炮的射程为五英里.in/within/outof/beyond(firing)range在射程以内[以外](c)[C]（车辆﹑飞行器等）不再次加油可抵达的距离.[C](a)军用射击场arifle-range步枪靶场.(b)（火箭和导弹的）发射场.[C]（某类植物﹑动物等的）生长区,分布区.（大面积空旷的）狩猎场,放牧场.[C]（尤指旧式的）炉:akitchenrange厨房中的炉.Rangev(a)[尤用於被动语态]使某人[某物]排成行或队:观众沿队伍行进的路线排成行.Thespectatorsrangedthemselvesalongtherouteoftheprocession.flowerpotsrangedinrowsonthewindow-sill窗台上一排排摆放着的花盆.(b)~sb/oneselfwithsb/sth使某人[自己]站在某一方面:Onthisissue,shehasrangedherselfwiththeOpposition.在这个问题上,她站在反对派一边.~betweenAandB/fromAtoB在A和B之间变化或变动;从A延伸到B:Theiragesrangefrom25to50.他们的年龄在25岁到50岁之间.Hisinterestsrangedfromchesstocanoeing.他的爱好从下国际象棋到划独木舟,范围很广.~(over/throughsth)漫游（某地）;漫步:awide-rangingdiscussion内容广泛的讨论cattlerangingovertheplains在平原上来回走动的牛researchrangingoveranumberoffields涉及若干领域的研究~oversth(a)（指枪炮）射程达到（某距离）(b)（指子弹﹑导弹等）射程达到（某距离）.reservev~sth(forsb/sth)保留或储备某物:Reserveyourstrengthfortheclimb.留点力气准备攀登吧.Theseseatsarereservedforspecialguests.这些座位是留给贵宾的.具有或保持（某种权利）;保留:Allrightsreserved版权所有.Themanagementreservestherighttorefuseadmission.资方有权拒绝接纳.预订或保留（座位﹑住处等）;订购:reservetickets,rooms预订票﹑房间reserve(one's)judgment(onsb/sth)暂不表态（如有待事情明朗化）.reserven[Cusupl]储备;储备量:havegreatreservesofcapital,stock储备有大量资金﹑物资thegoldreserve黄金储备(a)theReserve预备役部队;後备军.(b)reserves[pl]後备部队[C]替补队员.[C](a)保留用地;（尤指）自然保护区:abird,wildlifereserve鸟类﹑野生动物等保护区.(b)（土着部落的）专用居留地:Indianreserves印第安部落的居留地（如亚马逊河沿岸的）.[U]（在同意某计画﹑接受某意见时所加的）限制条件,保留:Weacceptyourstatementwithoutreserve.我们毫无保留地接受你的意见.[C](alsoreserveprice)(Brit)(USupsetprice)底价（尤指拍卖时的）:putareserveof￡95000onahouse把一所房子的底价定为95000英镑[U]矜持;落落寡合;自制:Foronce,shelost/droppedhercustomaryreserveandbecame quitelively.这次,她一反平素的沉默寡言,表现得很活跃.*Afewdrinksbrokethroughhisreserve.他喝了点酒之後那矜持态度消失了.inreserve储存;留以备用:fundskept/heldinreserve备用金.remain v(通常不用於进行时态)剩下;剩余;遗留:Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.火灾过後,寒舍所剩无几Ifyoutake3from8,5remains.8减3剩5.leavetheremainingpointsforournextmeeting余下的各点留待下次会议再议.留待以後去看﹑去做﹑去说等:Itremainstobeseenwhetheryouareright.你是否正确,以後可见分晓.Muchremainstobedone.要做的事情还很多.停留;逗留;留下:IremaininLondonuntilMay.我在伦敦一直呆到五月.Sheleft,butIremained(behind).她走了,我没走.仍然是;保持不变:remainstanding,seated,etc一直站着﹑坐着等Heremainedsilent.他保持沉默.Letthingsremainastheyare.一切保持现状吧.Inspiteoftheirquarrel,theyremainedthebestoffriends.尽管吵过架,却仍不失为最好朋友.reach v~forsth;~out(tosb/sth)伸出（手）以触到﹑抓到或拿到某物:Hereachedforhisgun.他伸手去拿枪.Wemustreachouttothoseinneed.我们应该伸出援助之手,帮助有困难的人.~sthdown/over;~sth(down/over)forsb伸手取某物;把某物递给（某人）:Canyoureachme(over)myslippers?They'reunderthebed.你能把我的拖鞋递给我吗?~(to)sth延伸到某处;够得着某物:Icanjustaboutreachtheapplesonthetopbranch.只差一点就能够着最上边树枝上的苹果.Herhairnearlyreacheddowntoherwaist.她的头发几乎垂到了腰部.与某人取得联系;（尤指）给（某人）打电话Ican'treachhimbyphone/onthephone.我打电话找不到他.(a)到达（某人[某物]）那里;到达（某处）:reachYorkbyoneo'clock一点钟到约克reachtheendofthechapter读到这一章的末尾reachaspeedof500mph达到每小时500英里的速度Notasoundreachedourears.我们一点声音都听不见.(b)（某事物）;达到;获得:reachaconclusion,decision做出结论﹑决定Wecanneverreachperfection.我们不可能做到尽善尽美.sthcomesto/reachessb'sears=>ear1.hit/make/reachtheheadlines=>headline(head1).reachforthestarsbeveryambitious雄心壮志;野心勃勃.reachn1伸手等可达到的距离:aboxerwithalongreach出拳距离远的拳击手.2[Cusupl]（河流两弯曲处或运河两船闸之间的）河段:theupper/lowerreachesoftheThames泰晤士河的上[下]游.3beyond/outof/within(one's)reach(a)手不能及[伸手可及]Theshelfissohighitiswelloutof/beyondmyreach.架子太高,我根本够不着 (b)非[为]某人的[某事物的]能力﹑权力﹑影响等所能及:conceptsbeyondthereachofone'sintelligence本人不能理解的概念within(easy)reach(ofsb/sth)在可（易於）前往的距离以内:Thehoteliswithineasyreachofthebeach.这家旅馆离海滩很近.reachableadj可到达的;可达到的;能及的;够得着的.prohibitv(fml文)~sth/sb(fromdoingsth)禁止某事物或某人做某事（尤指以法令﹑规章或条例）:Smokingisprohibited.禁止吸烟.aregulationtoprohibitparkinginthecitycentre禁止在市中心区停车的规定使（某事物）成为不可能;阻止:Thehighcostprohibitsthewidespreaduseofthedrug.该药昂贵而影响广泛应用.prohibition n[U]禁止;阻止:Theyvotedinfavouroftheprohibitionofsmokinginpublicareas.他们投票赞成禁止在公共场所吸烟.[C]~(againststh)禁令;禁律:aprohibitionagainstthesaleoffirearms禁止出售火器的法令.prohibitiveadj(a)禁止使用或购买的;禁止性的:aprohibitivetaxonimportedcars对进口小汽车徵收的寓禁税.(b)（指价格等）高得买不起的:Thecostofpropertyinthecityisprohibitive.城里房地产的价格高得使人望而却步.thatprohibits禁止的:prohibitivelaws,roadsigns禁律﹑禁止通行的路标.prohibitivelyadv:prohibitivelyexpensive昂贵得买不起.prohibitor n. 禁止者;阻止者effortn[U]（做某事物使用的）力量和精力:Theyliftedtheheavyrockwithouteffort.他们没费劲就把那块沉重的石头抬起来了.Hemustputmoreeffortintohiswork.他必须更加努力工作.[C]~(todosth)努力;奋斗:Hiseffortsweremuchappreciated.大家都夸他很努力.*Itwasarealefforttostayawakethroughthefilm.真要强打着精神才能看完整部电影.Iwillmakeeveryefforttoarriveontime.我将尽一切努力准时到达.[C]努力的结果:That'sagoodeffort,ieThathasbeenwelldone.这事干得不错.effortlessadj不需努力的;不费力的:Sheplayswithseeminglyeffortlessskill.她演奏得似乎毫不费力.effortlesslyadv.effortlessnessn[U].appreciate v理解并欣赏（某事物）;赏识;高度评价:看翻译作品很难欣赏到外国文学的精髓.Youcan'tfullyappreciateforeignliteratureintranslation.Ireallyappreciateagoodcupoftea.有好茶一杯,我就真乐在其中了.Yourhelpwasgreatlyappreciated,ieWeweregratefulforit.非常感谢你的帮助.体恤,体念,体谅（某事物）:Iappreciateyourproblem,butIdon'tthinkIcanhelpyou.我理解你的困难,但却爱莫能助. Youdon'tseemtoappreciatehowbusyIam.你似乎不能体念我多麽忙.增值;涨价:Localpropertyhasappreciated(invalue)sincetheybuiltthemotorwaynearby.自从附近修建了高速公路,本地的地产（价值）已经增值.appreciativeadj~(ofsth)有欣赏力的;表示赏识的;感激的:anappreciativeletter,audience,look感谢信﹑表示欣赏的观众（或听众）﹑赏识的神情I'mmostappreciativeofyourgenerosity.我对你的慷慨感激之至.appreciativelyadv.appreciationn[U]欣赏:Sheshowslittleornoappreciationofgoodmusic.她对好音乐鲜有或没有欣赏能力.[U]感激;感谢:Pleaseacceptthisgiftinappreciationofallyou'vedoneforus.多蒙鼎力协助,无任感谢.谨备薄礼,敬请哂纳.[C]（尤指书面的）鉴定,鉴别,评价,评论:anappreciationofthepoet'swork对诗人作品的评论.[U]增值;涨价:Thepound'srapidappreciationiscreatingproblemsforexporters.英镑急速升值给出口商造成困难.