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1、Notional-functionalsyllabus意念功能大纲英语教学大纲英语的教学大纲被分为两类：语法大纲（grammar-basedsyllabuses)及意念功能能大纲（notional-functionalsyllabus)。语法大纲根据语言的语法形式和结构来安排语言教学的具体内容；而意念功能大纲则根据语言使用的功能，按照语言所表达的意念来安排语言教学的具体内容。Distinguishingcharacteristicisitsattentiontofunctionsastheorganizingelementsofaf
2、oreignlanguagecurriculum.Grammarisattendedtoonlyinthatitexplainsthevariousformsusedtoaccomplishcertainfunctions.(P246,para3,line7-10)Inanotional-functionalsyllabus,instructionisnotorganizedintermsofgrammaticalstructure,ashadoftenbeendonewiththeaudio-lingualmethod(ALM),
3、butinsteadintermsof"notions"and"functions."notionsGeneralnotions普通意念areabstractconceptssuchasexistence,space,time,quantity,quality—theyaredomainsinwhichweuselanguagetoexpressthoughtandfelling.Forexample,withinthegeneralnotionofspaceandtimearetheconceptsoflocation,motio
4、n,dimensionspeed(维速度）,lengthoftime,frequency,andsoforth.(P246,para4)Specificnotions特定意念correspondmorecloselytowhatwehavebecomeaccustomedtocalling“contexts”or“situations”,suchastravel,healthandwelfare,education,shopping,services,andfreetime.Forexample,personalidentifica
5、tion（个人识别）isaspecificnotion,ortopic,underwhichname,address,phonenumber,andotherpersonalinformationissubsumed.Thefunctionalpartofthenotional-functionalsyllabusCorrespondtowhatwehavealreadydefinedaslanguagefunctions.Curriculumareorganizedaroundsuchfunctionsasidentifying（
6、确认）,reporting,denying,declining（婉谢）andinvitation.(P247,para1)Notion&FunctionA"notion"isaparticularcontextinwhichpeoplecommunicate.A"function"isaspecificpurposeforaspeakerinagivencontext.Forexample,the"notion"ofshoppingrequiresnumerouslanguage"functions,"suchasaskingabo
7、utpricesorfeaturesofaproductandbargaining.Structuralsyllabus¬ional-functionalsyllabusesStructuresyllabusfocusongrammar,andtendtohighlightagrammaticalfeaturestotheexclusionofpracticalapplicationinrealsituation.notional-functionalsyllabusesSituationsaredevisedtoillust
8、rate（显示，说明）grammar,insteadofgrammarillustratingafunction,keysthestudentsartificially（人为地）intogrammaticalcategoriestha
