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1、计算机英语第1章第2章第3章第4章第5章第6章第7章Chapter1FundamentalKnowledgeinComputerComputer,oneofthegreatestscientificinventionsandtechnologicalinnovationsinthe20thcentury,hasmadeanextremelyimportantimpactonhumanlifeandtheirsocialandproductiveactivities.Itsfastdevelopmenthasformedahugeindustrywithrobustgrowthandinspir
2、edcontinuedtechnicaladvancementworldwide,whichhasconsequentlybroughtaboutprofoundchangestothehumansociety.Today,computerisregardedasanimportantsymbolindicatingthathumanhasenteredtheInformationAge．1.1HistoryoftheComputerDevelopmentIn1946,theworld’sfirstelectroniccomputer,ENIAC(shortforElectronicNumer
3、icalIntegratorandComputer),wasmadeintheUniversityofPennsylvania.ENIACcontainedmorethan17,000vacuumtubesandmanyothercomponents.Itwashugeinsize,butverysimpleinfunctionscomparedwithtoday’scomputers.Itsoccurrence,however,signifiedamilestonewithdeepandpersistentinfluenceonhumanlifeandsocietyinthefuture.T
4、hecomputerdevelopment,fromthebirthofthefirstelectroniccomputertillpresent,canbeapproximatelydividedinto4stagesinaccordancewiththemajorcomponentsusedinthecomputer.(1)Vacuumtubecomputers---from1946whenthefirstcomputerwassuccessfullymadetolate1950s.Thevacuumtubewasthekeyfeatureofthecomputersinthisperio
5、d.Machinelanguageorassemblylanguagewasusedforprogrammingcomputers,withoperationspeedfromaboutafewthousandinstructionspersecondtotensofthousandspersecond.(2)Transistorcomputers---frommiddle1950stolate1960s.Thecomputersinthisperiodusedtransistorsasthemajorcomponents,withsmallersizeandlowerpowerconsump
6、tion,buthigherspeedandreliability.Themagneticcorewaspopularlyusedasthemainmemorywhilefloppydisksandmagnetictapeswereusedasexternalstoragemedia.High-levellanguages,suchasCOBOL,ALGOL,etc.,wereutilizedastheprogramminglanguages.Operatingsystemsemergedfromthesoftware.(3)Integratedcircuitcomputers---fromm
7、iddle1960stoearly1970s.Thecomputersinthisperiodusedintegratedcircuitsasthefundamentalcomponents.Itssizewasreduced;whileitspowerconsumptionandpricewerefurtherlowered,anditsspeedandreliabilityweregreatl
