chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学ppt课件.ppt

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1、Chapter1TheFoundationsofChemistry1ChapterOutlineMatterandEnergy物質與能量Chemistry–AMolecularViewofMatterStatesofMatterChemicalandPhysicalProperties化學與物理性質ChemicalandPhysicalChanges化學與物理變化Mixtures,Substances,Compounds,andElementsMeasurementsinChemistryUnitsofMeasurementUseofNumbersTheUnitFacto

2、rMethod(DimensionalAnalysis)Percentage百分比DensityandSpecificGravity密度與比重HeatandTemperatureHeatTransferandtheMeasurementofHeat2ChemistryiseverywhereTent→plasticSteelcookinggrate→alloyofironandcarbonTrees→Photochemicalreaction→CO2+H2O→carbohydrateOurbodies→inorganicandbioorganiccompounds…...

3、3Chemistrythesciencethatdescribesmatter—properties,thechangesitundergoes,theenergychangesthataccompanythoseprocesses研究物質的特性,組成,結構和變化的科學OrganicChemistry有機化學InorganicChemistry無機化學AnalyticalChemistry分析化學…PhysicalChemistry物理化學Biochemistry生物化學…41-1MatterandEnergyMatterMassOccupiesspaceEnergy:T

4、hecapacitytodoworkortransferheatKineticenergy&Potentialenergy動能位能Exothermic&Endothermic放熱吸熱5Fig.1-1,p.4TheLawofConservationofMatter物質不滅定律Thereisnoobservablechangeinthequantityofmatterduringachemicalreactionorduringaphysicalchange.無論物質經過任何化學變化或物理變化,其反應物的總質量和產物的總質量相同鎂燃燒生成氧化鎂6TheLawofConserv

5、ationofMatter物質不滅定律ThelawofConservationofEnergy能量不滅定律Energycannotbecreatedordestroyedinachemicalreactionorinaphysicalchange.ItcanonlybeconvertedfromoneformtoanotherTheLawofConservationofMatterandEnergy質能不滅定律ThecombinedamountofmatterandenergyintheuniverseisfixedEinstein’sRelativityE=mc27Da

6、lton’sAtomicTheory道耳吞原子學說(in1808)Fig1-2RelativesizeforatomsofthenoblegasesFig.1-2,p.61-2Chemistry–AmolecularViewofMatter所有的物質都是由極小的微粒所組成,稱之為原子(atom)不同元素(element)的原子不同,但同一元素所含的原子均相同原子是組成物質的最小粒子,不能再分割化學反應是物質中原子的重新排列或組合不同元素的原子形成化合物(compound)時,原子間的比例為一固定的簡單整數比8Table1-1,p.6電子質子中子物質的基本粒子Thebasi

7、cbuildingblocksofatoms9p.7Atomicnumber原子序thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusSilver10Fig.1-3,p.7Amolecule分子isthesmallestparticleofanelementorcompoundthatcanhaveastableindependentexistenceFig1-3Modelsofdiatomicmoleculesofsomeelements,approximatelytoscale.Therearecalledspac