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1、英文拓展阅读：孔子简介Confucius(bornKongQiu,styledZhongNi)wasborninthevillageofZouinthecountryofLuin551B.C.,apoordescendantofadeposednoblefamily.Asachild,heheldmake-believetemplerituals;asayoungadult,hequicklyearnedareputationforfairness,politenessandloveoflearning,andhewasreputedtobe
2、quitetall.Hetraveledextensivelyandstudiedattheimperialcapital,Zhou,whereheissaidtohavemetandspokewithLaoZi,thefounderofDaoism.UponhisreturntoLu,hegainedrenownasateacher,butwhenhewas35,DukeZhaoofLuledhiscountrytowar,wasroutedandfledtotheneighboringcountryofQi;inthedisorderfo
3、llowingthebattle,Confuciusfollowed.DukeZhaofrequentlycametohimforadvice,butuponcounselofoneofhisministers,hedecidedagainstgrantinglandtoConfuciusandgraduallystoppedseekinghiscounsel.WhenothernoblesbeganplottingagainstConfucius'position,DukeZhaorefusedtointervene,andConfuciu
4、sreturnedtoLu.Butconditionstherewerenobetterthanbefore,andConfuciusretiredfrompubliclifetoconcentrateonteachingandstudying.Atage50,hewasapproachedbytheBaronofQitohelpdefendagainstarebellion,buthedeclined.HewaslatermadeacitymagistratebythenewDukeofLu,andunderhisadministratio
5、nthecityflourished;hewaspromotedseveraltimes,eventuallybecomingGrandSecretaryofJusticeand,atage56,ChiefMinisterofLu.NeighboringcountriesbegantoworrythatLuwouldbecometoopowerful,andtheysentmessengerswithgiftsanddancerstodistractthedukeduringasacrificeholiday.Whenthedukeaband
6、onedhisdutiestoreceivethemessengers,Confuciusresignedandleftthecountry.ConfuciusspentthenextfiveyearswanderingChinawithhisdisciples,findingthathispresenceatroyalcourtswasrarelytoleratedforlongbeforenobleswouldbeginplottingtodrivehimoutorhavehimkilled.Hewasarrestedonceandjai
7、ledforfivedays,andat62hewaspursued,alongwithhisdisciples,intothecountrysidebyabandofsoldierssentbyjealousnobles,untilhewasabletosendamessengertothesympathetickingofanearbycountry,whosenthisownsoldierstorescuethem.Onceagain,Confuciuswastobegivenlandbutwasdeniedituponcounselo
8、fanotherhighminister.Afterfurtherwanderings,heeventuallyreturnedtoLuatage67.Althou
