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1、8.1WhatisEcology?8.2Ecosystems8.3Biodiversity–AdditionalReadingChapter8EcologyEcologyisthescientificstudyoftherelationoflivingorganismswitheachotherandtheirsurroundings.Ecosystemsaredefinedbyaweb,community,ornetworkofindividualsthatarrangeintoaself-organizedandcomplexsystemandsevera
2、llevelsofbiggersystemsconstitutingsystemsofsmallersystemswithinthem.Ecosystemscreatebiophysicalfeedbackbetweenliving(biotic)andnonliving(abiotic)componentsofanenvironmentthatgeneratesandregulatesthebiogeochemicalcyclesoftheplanet.Ecosystemsprovidegoodsandservicesthatsustainhumansoci
3、etiesandgeneralwell-being.Ecosystemsaresustainedbybiodiversitywithinthem.Biodiversityisthefull-scaleoflifeanditsprocesses,includinggenes,speciesandecosystemsforminglineagesthatintegrateintoacomplexandregenerativespatialarrangementoftypes,forms,andinteractions.8.1WhatisEcology?Profes
4、sionalWordsandPhrasesbiophysical[baiəu'fizikəl]adj.生物物理的feedback['fi:dbæk]n.反馈biogeochemicalcycle生物地化循环biodiversity[baiəudai'və:səti]n.生物多样性Ecologyisasub-disciplineofbiology,thestudyoflife.Theword"ecology"wascoinedin1866bytheGermanscientistErnstHaeckel(1834–1919).Ancientphilosophers
5、ofGreece,includingHippocratesandAristotle,wereamongtheearliesttorecordnotesandobservationsonthenaturalhistoryofplantsandanimals.Modernecologylaterbranchedoutofthenaturalhistorythatflourishedasascienceinthelate19thcentury.CharlesDarwin'sevolutionarytreatiseincludingtheconceptofadapta
6、tion,asitwasintroducedin1859,isapivotalcornerstoneinmodernecologicaltheory.8.1WhatisEcology?(Continued)Ecologyisnotsynonymouswithenvironment,environmentalism,naturalhistoryorenvironmentalscience.Itiscloselyrelatedtophysiology,evolutionarybiology,geneticsandethology.Anunderstandingof
7、howbiodiversityaffectsecologicalfunctionisanimportantfocusareainecologicalstudies.Ecosystemssustaineverylife-supportingfunctionontheplanet,includingclimateregulation,waterfiltration,soilformation(pedogenesis),food,fibers,medicines,erosioncontrol,andmanyothernaturalfeaturesofscientif
8、ic,historicalorspir
