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1、AndroidApplicationFundamentalsAndroidapplicationsarewrittenintheJavaprogramminglanguage.TheAndroidSDKtoolscompilethecode—alongwithanydataandresourcefiles—intoan Androidpackage,anarchivefilewithan .apk suffix.Allthecodeinasingle .apk fileisconsideredtobeoneapplicationandisth
2、efilethatAndroid-powereddevicesusetoinstalltheapplication.Onceinstalledonadevice,eachAndroidapplicationlivesinitsownsecuritysandbox:TheAndroidoperatingsystemisamulti-userLinuxsysteminwhicheachapplicationisadifferentuser.Bydefault,thesystemassignseachapplicationauniqueLinuxu
3、serID(theIDisusedonlybythesystemandisunknowntotheapplication).ThesystemsetspermissionsforallthefilesinanapplicationsothatonlytheuserIDassignedtothatapplicationcanaccessthem.Eachprocesshasitsownvirtualmachine(VM),soanapplication'scoderunsinisolationfromotherapplications.Byde
4、fault,everyapplicationrunsinitsownLinuxprocess.Androidstartstheprocesswhenanyoftheapplication'scomponentsneedtobeexecuted,thenshutsdowntheprocesswhenit'snolongerneededorwhenthesystemmustrecovermemoryforotherapplications.Inthisway,theAndroidsystemimplementsthe principleoflea
5、stprivilege.Thatis,eachapplication,bydefault,hasaccessonlytothecomponentsthatitrequirestodoitsworkandnomore.Thiscreatesaverysecureenvironmentinwhichanapplicationcannotaccesspartsofthesystemforwhichitisnotgivenpermission.However,therearewaysforanapplicationtosharedatawithoth
6、erapplicationsandforanapplicationtoaccesssystemservices:It'spossibletoarrangefortwoapplicationstosharethesameLinuxuserID,inwhichcasetheyareabletoaccesseachother'sfiles.Toconservesystemresources,applicationswiththesameuserIDcanalsoarrangetoruninthesameLinuxprocessandsharethe
7、sameVM(theapplicationsmustalsobesignedwiththesamecertificate).Anapplicationcanrequestpermissiontoaccessdevicedatasuchastheuser'scontacts,SMSmessages,themountablestorage(SDcard),camera,Bluetooth,andmore.Allapplicationpermissionsmustbegrantedbytheuseratinstalltime.Thatcoverst
8、hebasicsregardinghowanAndroidapplicationexistswithinthesystem.Therestofthisdocumen
