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1、SMARTTHINKINGForJaneandVerity(asever)SMARTTHINKINGSKILLSFORCRITICALUNDERSTANDINGANDWRITINGSecondEditionMATTHEWALLENOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS253NormanbyRoad,SouthMelbourne,Victoria3205,AustraliaOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniver
2、sityofOxford.ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublishingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMu
3、mbaiNairobiSâoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoOXFORDisatrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesCopyright©MatthewAllen1997,2004Firstpublished1997Reprinted1997,1998,1999,2001Secondeditionpublished2004Thisbookiscopyright.Apartfromanyf
4、airdealingforthepurposesofprivatestudy,research,criticismorreviewaspermittedundertheCopyrightAct,nopartmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutpriorwrittenp
5、ermission.EnquiriestobemadetoOxfordUniversityPress.CopyingforeducationalpurposesWherecopiesofpartorthewholeofthebookaremadeunderPartVBoftheCopyrightAct,thelawrequiresthatprescribedproceduresbefollowed.Forinformation,contacttheCopyrightAgencyLimited.Nation
6、alLibraryofAustraliaCataloguing-in-Publicationdata:Allen,Matthew,1965-.Smartthinking:skillsforcriticalunderstanding&writing.2nded.Bibliography.ISBN0195517334.1.Criticalthinking.2.Englishlanguage-Rhetoric.3.Reasoning(Psychology).4.Thoughtandthinking.I.Titl
7、e.153.42TypesetbyOUPANZSPrintedthroughBookpacProductionServices,SingaporeContentsPrefacetoFirstEditionviiiPrefacetoSecondEditionixHowtoUsethisBookxi1SmartThinking1Whatissmartthinking?1Howdowestudysmartthinking?5Whydoweneedto'thinksmart'?72Claims:TheKeyEle
8、mentsofReasoning9Understandinglanguage10Moreaboutclaims14Claimsandreasoning18Review223Linking:TheKeyProcessinReasoning25Linksbetweenclaims26Theanalyticalstructureofreasoning28Learningmoreabouttheanalyticalstructure3
