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1、IMPLEMENTINGENVIRONMENTALCOSTACCOUNTINGINSMALLANDMEDIUM-SIZEDCOMPANIES1．ENVIRONMENTALCOSTACCOUNTINGINSMESSinceitsinceptionsome30yearsago,EnvironmentalCostAccounting(ECA)hasreachedastageofdevelopmentwhereindividualECAsystemsareseparatedfromthecoreaccountingsystembasedanassessmento
2、fenvironmentalcostswith(seeFichteretal.,1997,LetmatheandWagner,2002).Asenvironmentalcostsarecommonlyassessedasoverheadcosts,neithertheolderconceptsoffullcostsaccountingnortherelativelyrecentoneofdirectcostingappeartorepresentanappropriatebasisfortheimplementationofECA.Similartode
3、velopmentsinconventionalaccounting,thetheoreticalandconceptualsphereofECAhasfocusedonprocess-basedaccountingsincethe1990s(seeHallayandPfriem,1992,FischerandBlasius,1995,BMU/UBA,1996,Helleretal.,1995,Letmathe,1998,SpenglerandH.hre,1998).TakingavailableconceptsofECAintoconsideratio
4、n,process-basedconceptsseemthebestoptionregardingtheestablishmentofECA(seeHeupelandWendisch,2002).Theseconcepts,however,havetobecontinuouslyrevisedtoensurethattheyworkwellwhenappliedinsmallandmedium-sizedcompanies.BasedontheframeworkforEnvironmentalManagementAccountingpresentedin
5、Burrittetal.(2002),ourconceptofECAfocusesontwomaingroupsofenvironmentallyrelatedimpacts.Theseareenvironmentallyinducedfinancialeffectsandcompany-relatedeffectsonenvironmentalsystems(seeBurrittandSchaltegger,2000,p.58).Eachoftheseimpactsrelatetospecificcategoriesoffinancialandenvi
6、ronmentalinformation.Theenvironmentallyinducedfinancialeffectsarerepresentedbymonetaryenvironmentalinformationandtheeffectsonenvironmentalsystemsarerepresentedbyphysicalenvironmentalinformation.Conventionalaccountingdealswithboth–monetaryaswellasphysicalunits–butdoesnotfocusonenv
7、ironmentalimpactassuch.ToarriveatapracticalsolutiontotheimplementationofECAinacompany’sexistingaccountingsystem,andtocomplywiththeproblemofdistinguishingbetweenmonetaryandphysicalaspects,anintegratedconceptisrequired.Asphysicalinformationisoftenthebasisforthemonetaryinformation(e
8、.g.kilogramsofarawmaterialarethebasisfor
