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1、PoliticsandIdeolog'yinMarxistTheoryCapitalism-Fascism-PopulismToChantalContentsIntroduction71.FeudalismandCapitalisminLatinAmerica152.TheSpecificityofthePolitical513.FascismandIdeology814.TowardsaTheoryofPopulism143Index200IntroductionMenwho,sincechildhood,havehadthe
2、irbackstotheentranceofacave,cannotseetheoutsideworld.Onthewallinsidethecaveareprojectedtheshadowsofothermen,andbylinkingthevoicesofthesementotheirshadows,theinhabitantsofthecaveconcludethatthefirstderivefromthesecond.Oneoftheprisoners,however,managestoescapeandpercei
3、vesthetrueoriginofthevoices.Finallyhl'emergesfromthecaveandseesthelightofday.Atfirstthestlnblindshim,butthenhebecomesaccustomedtoitandthevisionhegainsenableshimtounderstandthefalsehoodinwhichhehadbeenliving.Plato'sallegoryofthecavecontainsforthefirsttimeinhistoryathe
4、oryofarticulation.Commonsensediscourse,doxa,ispresentedasasystemofmisleadingarticulationsinwhichconceptsdonotappearlinkedbyinherentlogicalrelations,butareboundtogethersimplybyconnotativeorevocativelinkswhichcustomandopinionhaveestablishedbetweenthem.Itispreciselythes
5、ystematiccharacterofthisensembleofarticulationswhichPlato'sinterventiontriestobreak:intheDialoguestheunityofcommonsensediscourse(whatwewouldcalltodayideologicaldiscourse)isdissolvedbyacriticalprocesswhichleadstothe'purification'ofeachconcept.Thecritiqueconsistsintheb
6、reakingofthoselinksbetweenconceptswhicharethemereresidueofopinionandcustom.Forbeyondtheirconnotativerelationships,theseconceptsdisplayanessentialparadigmaticcoherencetowhichtheprivilegedvisionofthephilosopherleads.Knowledgepresupposes,then,anoperationofrupture:adisar
7、ticulationofideasfromthoseconnotativedomainstowhichtheyappearlinkedintheform78ofamisleadingnecessity,whichenablesussubsequentlytoreconstructtheirtruearticulations.Thisdualmovement·�aruptureoftheapparentobviousnessofarticulationsestablishedbycustom,andanattempttodisco
8、veressentialparadigmaticrelationsbymeansofasimpleanalysisofconcepts-haslongconstitutedacharacteristicandconstantfeatureofEuropeanth
