胡壮麟语言学课件.doc

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1、2.Whatisthiscourseabout?Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSoundsChapter3LexiconChapter4SyntaxChapter5MeaningChapter6LanguageandcognitionChapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyChapter8LanguageinuseChapter9languageandliteratureChapter10languageandcomputerChapter

2、11linguisticsandforeignlanguageteachingChapter12Theoriesandschoolsofmodernlinguistics1.languageDefinitionFeaturesFunctions1)Definition:Sapir,1921:Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.(

3、语言是纯粹人为的、非本能的、用任意制造出来的符号系统来传达观念、情绪和欲望的方法。）Hall,1968:Languageis"theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols."（语言是人们通过惯用的任意性的口头-听觉符号进行交际和互动的惯例。）Chomsky,1957:FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguageto

4、beaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.（从现在起，我将语言看作是一系列有限的或无限的句子，每个句子的长度有限，并由有限的成分组合而成。）v语言是人类特有的一种符号系统,当它作用于人与人的关系的时候,它是表达相互反映的中介;当它作用于人和客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化信息的载体和容器。AGenerallyAcceptedDefinitionvL

5、anguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.UnderstandingtheDefinitionvWhyasystem?vWhyarbitrary?vWhyvocal?vWhysymbols?vWhyhuman?vWhycommunication?vsystem:elementsinlanguagearearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.varbitrary:thereisnointrinsicconnectionb

6、etweenthewordandthethingswereferto.vvocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguagessymbol:wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideasbyconventionhuman:languageishumanspecific,differentfromthecommunicationsystemofanimalsThearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationa

7、nditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.vProductivity/creativity:Humanbeingscanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.vDuality:lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)higherlevel----meaningasmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupe

8、dintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitelynumberofsentences.Culturaltr