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1、《旅游学概论》英语学习材料学习材料LTheGrandTourandThomasCook1・TheGrandTourTheGrandTourisamajorlinkbetweentheMiddleAgesandcontemporarytourism.ThetermdescribestheextendedtravelofyoungmenfromthearistocraticclassesoftheUnitedKingdomandotherpartsofnorthernEuropetocontinentalEurop
2、eforeducationalandculturalpurposes(Towner1996).Becausetheseliterateyoungtravelersusuallykeptdiariesoftheirexperiences,itispossibletoreconstructthiseraindetail.Weknow,forexample,thattheclassicalGrandToursfirstbecamepopularduringthemid-sixteenthcentury,andpers
3、isted(withmodification)untilthemid-nineteenthcentury(Withey1997).WhiletherearenosinglecircuitortimeframethatdefinedtheGrandTour,certaindestinationsfeatureprominentlyinthediariesandotherwrittenaccounts.ParisWasusuallythefirstmajordestinationofTourists,followi
4、ngbyayearormoreofvisitstothemajorcitiesofItaly,andespeciallyFlorence,Rome,NaplesandVenice(Towner1996).ThoughthepoliticalandeconomicpowerofItalywasindeclinebytheearly1600s,thesecentreswerestilladmiredfortheirRenaissanceandRomanattractions,whichcontinuedtosett
5、heculturalstandardsforEurope.Avisittotheseculturalcentreswasvitalforanyoneaspiringtojointheranksoftheelite.Thefollowingquotefrom1776,attributedtoSamuelJohnson,thegreatEnglishauthor,capturesthisstatusmotive:AmanwhohasnotbeeninItalyisalwaysconsciousofaninferio
6、rity,fromhisnothavingseenwhatitisexpectedamanshouldsee.ThegrandobjectoftravellingistoseetheshoresoftheMediterranean...Allourreligion/almostallourlaw,almostallourarts,almostallthatsetsusabovesavageshascometousfromtheshoresoftheMediterranean(inBurkart&Medlik19
7、81PA).ThejourneybacktonorthernEuropeusuallytookthetraveleracrosstheSwissAlps,throughGermanyandintotheLowcountries(Flanders,TheNetherlands)wheretheRnnaissancefloweredduringthemid-1600s(Steinecke1993)AccordingtoTowner(1996)about15000-20000membersoftheBritishel
8、itewereabroadontheGrandTouratanytimeduringthemid-1700s.Moreover,thewealthierparticipantswerelikelytobeaccompaniedbyanentourageofservants,guides,tutorsandotherretainers.Towardstheendoftheera,thee
