pragmatics.doc

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1、Chapter7:PragmaticsLearningObjectivesI.TheFieldofPragmaticsII.ContextIII.SpeechActTheoryIV.CooperativePrincipleV.PolitenessPrincipleI.PragmaticsAccordingtoCharlesWilliamMorris,Semioticshasthreebranches:syntactics,semanticsandpragmatics.Syntactics:stu

2、diestheformalrelationofsignstooneanother.Semantics:studiestherelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable.Pragmatics:studiestherelationofsignstointerpreters.DefinitionofpragmaticsThestudyoflanguageinuse.Thestudyofmeaningincontext.Thestudy

3、ofspeakers’meaning,utterancemeaning,&contextualmeaning.Pragmatics=Meaning–SemanticsSpeaker’smeaningA.Thetelephonerings!B.Iaminthebathroom.A.OK.B.Thankyou!16UtterancemeaningUtteranceMeaningvs.SentenceMeaningUtterancevs.SentenceSentence:abstractunitsof

4、thelanguagesystemUtterance:unitsoflanguageinuseSentencemeaning:WhatdoesXmean?Utterancemeaning:WhatdoyoumeanbyX?E.g.Dogs!E.g.Mybagisheavy.E.g.Youarestandingonmyfoot!II.ContextContext:TheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearerLinguisticcontext/co-text:

5、Thesetofotherwordsusedinthesamephraseorsentencee.g.Bankwithovergrowngrasse.g.GotothebanktocashacheckPhysicalcontext:Thebackground,esp.thetimeandplaceinwhichthelinguisticexpressionsareencounteredExamples1.A:Areyougoingtotheseminar?B:It’sonlinguistics.

6、2.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.16FeaturesofdifferentmeaningsSemanticmeaning:Themoreconstant,inherent,abstractsideofmeaningPragmaticmeaning:Themoreindeterminate,specific;themorecloselyrelatedtocontextDeixis—astoryAHebrewteacherdis

7、coveringthathehadlefthisslippersbackatthehouse,sentastudentafterthemwithanoteforhiswife.Thenotereads:“Sendmeyourslipperswiththisboy.”Whenthestudentaskedwhyhehadwritten“your”slippers,theteachersaid:“Youfool!IfIwrote‘my’slippers,shewouldread‘my’slipper

8、sandwouldsendherslippers.”DeixisAdefinition:Thelinguisticphenomenonthatthereferenceofcertainwordsandexpressionsreliesentirelyonthesituationalcontextoftheutterance,andcanonlybeunderstoodinlightofthesecircumstances.Deixistypes1.PersondeixisE.g.I,you,he