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1、2015年二模C篇Kiwi【宝山】ArapidlyadvancingcontemporarysciencethatishighlydependentonnewtoolsisEarthsystemscience.EarthsystemscienceinvolvesobservationandmeasurementsontheEarthatallscalesfromthelargesttothesmallest.Thehugeamountsofdatathataregatheredcomefrommanydifferentloc
2、ationsandrequirespecialtechniquesforhandlingdata.ImportantnewtoolsthatfacilitateEarthsystemscienceincludesatelliteremotesensing,smalldeep-seasubmarines,andgeographicinformationsystems.Morethananyotherwayofgatheringevidence,satelliteobservationscontinuallyremindusth
3、ateachpartoftheEarthinteractswithandisdependentonallotherparts.Earthsystemsciencewasbornfromtherealizationofthatinterdependence.Satelliteremotesensingmakespossibleobservationsatlargescales,andinmanycases,measurementsoffactorsthatcouldnototherwisebemeasured.Forexamp
4、le,theozoneholeoverAntarctica--thedecreaseintheconcentrationofozonehighintheatmosphere--ismeasuredbyremotesensing,asarechangesindeserts,forests,andfarmlandsaroundtheworld.SuchmeasurementscanbeusedinmanyareasofspecializationbesidesEarthsystemscience.Archaeology,fore
5、xample,hasbenefitedfromsatelliteobservationsthatrevealthetracesofancienttraderoutesacrosstheArabianDesert.NewtoolsforexploringpreviouslyinaccessibleareasoftheEarthhavealsoaddedgreatlytoourknowledgeoftheEarthsystem.Smalldeep-seasubmarinesallowscientiststotraveltothe
6、depthsoftheocean.Theretheyhavediscoverednewspeciesandecosystemsthrivingneardeep-seaventsthatemitheat,sasses,andmineral-richwater.JustasimportantasnewmethodsofmeasurementandexplorationarenewwaystostoreandanalyzedataabouttheEarthsystem.Computer-basedsoftwareprogramsk
7、nownasgeographicinformationsystems,orGIS,allowalargenumberofdatapointstobestoredalongwiththeirlocations.Thesecanbeusedtoproducemapsandtocomparedifferentsetsofinformationgatheredatdifferenttimes.Forexample,satelliteremotesensingimagesofaforestcanbeconvertedtoreprese
8、ntstagesintheforest'sgrowth.Twosuchimages,madeatdifferenttimescanbeoverlaidandcompared,andthechangesthathavetakenplacecanberepresentedinanewimage
