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1、【精品】参考范文(讨论稿) (讨论稿)TheEnlightenmentandItsHeritagetoAmericanCulture↘(timesnewRoman三号)Introduction↘(timesnewRoman小三号)Inthelonghistoryofhumancivilization,itisreallyamiraclethatAmerica,afairlyyoungnation,hasevolvedfromacolonyofBritaintoasuperpowertodayinmerelymorethantwohundr
2、edyears.LargequantitiesofimmigrantsaredrawntoAmericaeveryyearinhopeofrealizingtheir“Americandream”,amongtheessenceofwhicharethefamiliarvaluessuchasliberty,democracyandjustice,etc...Meanwhile,thespiritofAmericanculturespreadallovertheworldareexertinggreatinfluenceontheestab
3、lishedcultureandcustomsofothernations,whichiswelljustifiedbytheterm“Americanization”.TounderstandwhyAmericanculturehasbeesoinfluentialinthecurrenttimes,itisimportanttogobackintimetoexploreitsroots.TheEnlightenmentinthe18thcenturywithitsflourishingnaturalscienceandbrilliant
4、newideasabouthumanrightsmayshedsomelightonthequestion.↘(timesnewRoman小四号)1TheAgeofReason↘(timesnewRoman小三号)1．1PoliticalandEconomicBackground↘(timesnewRoman四号)Althoughtheintellectualmovementcalled“TheEnlightenment”isusuallyassociatedwiththe18thcentury,itssourceinfactcanbetr
5、acedmuchfurther.Europeofthe17thcenturywasdominatedbydogmaandfanaticism.Workinghandinhand,bothchurchandstaterepressedanyvoicesagainstclericalismorfeudalprivilege.Slaverywaswidelypracticed,especiallyinthecolonialplantationsofthewesternhemisphere,anditscrueltieswerefrequently
6、defendedbyleadingreligiousfigures.Thedespotismofmonarchsexercisinggreatpowersthananymedievalkingwassupportedbythedoctrineofthe“divinerightofkings,”andscripturequotedtoshowthatrevolutionwasdetestedbyGod.Aswitch-huntsprevailedinsocietyandorganizationstryingtochallengethetwin
7、authoritiesofchurchandstatewerebanned,theconflictbetweenrulersandpeoplesharpened.Religiousoppressionbeingthemainstream,tradeandmercestillgaineddevelopment.WiththewealthbroughtbackfromAsiaandtheAmericas,anewclassofmerchantsgraduallyroseintoprominenceinthe18thcentury,aswerel
8、atercalledthebourgeoisclass.Greatfortunesweremadeineverytownandthewaveofprosperitybrought
