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1、美国文学史及作品选读Unit3HighRomanticism:TranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreauHighRomanticism:TranscendentalismItwasinthehandsoftheTranscendentaliststhatAmericanliteraturereallymaturedandAmericanRomanticismreacheditssummit.Itisreligious,philosophical,andliterary.In1836,alittleboo
2、kcameoutwhichmadeatremendousimpactontheintellectuallifeofAmerica.ItwasentitledNaturebyRalphWaldoEmerson.Nature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteveryw
3、here.”TranscendentalClubTheclubwasaninformalgroup,whosemembersoftenmetatEmerson’sConcordhometodiscusssuchtopicsasphilosophy,morality,literature,andpolitics,concerningthemselveswithreformmovementsandsocialrevolt.TheDial(1840-1844),theirjournalTheclubwasmadeupofsomethirtymembers,including
4、Emerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcott,andMargaretFuller.Majorfeatures“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism.”(Emerson)First,theTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul，asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.TheOversoulwasanall-pervadingpowerforgoodness,omnipresenta
5、ndomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhichallwereapart.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse.MajorfeaturesSecondly,theTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Theyweretellingpeopletodependuponthemselvesforspiritualperfection.Theregenerat
6、ionoftheindividual,hisperfection,hisself-culture,andself-improvement;theidealtypeofmanwasaself-reliantindividualMajorfeaturesThirdly,theTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpres
7、ence.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul.Thereforeitcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Transcendentalism:Threesources:Neo-Platonism(influentialfromtheMiddleAgestoRomanticism,o
