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1、第一部分基础知识第一章语法第一节时态一．一般现在时一般+s;在以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾的词后+es(teaches,goes,washes,fixes,guesses);在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es(studies,tries)1.表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与everyday,onceaweek,often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom等时间状语连用：-Wegotheretwiceamonth.-Industrialbuyersareresponsiblefo
2、rsupplyingthegoodsandservicesthatanorganizationrequiredforitsoperations.(d.required-requires)2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：-Hehasgreatconcernforothers.-Matterexistsinthreestates.3.表示客观事物或普遍真理：-Lighttravelsfasterthansound.-JapanliestotheeastofChina.4.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：-Theplanetakesoff
3、atfive.5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when,after,before,assoonas,until;if,unless):-Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillhaveafootballmatch.-Adesertareathathasbeenwithoutwaterforsixyearswillstillbloomwhenrainwillcome.(willcome-comes)二．现在进行时study-studying;come-coming;sit-sitting(forget-forget
4、ting);die-dying通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：see,hear,smell,taste,know,find,forget,notice,suggest,be,love,like,want,hope,wish,prefer,hate,understand,remember,believe,have,consist,seem.1.表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：-Thestudentsarerunningtothesports-field.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：-Heiswriti
5、nganovelthisyear.3.可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go,come,leave,start等动词，后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow,tonight,thiscomingFriday等，表示安排或计划好的事情：-ThosevisitorsareleavingforWuhantomorrow.4.用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：-Theboywhoissittingbesidemeisalwaysaskingmealotofwhysandhows.-Hewasseeingsomebod
6、ycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.三．现在完成时1.表示动作现在刚完成：-Hissonhasfinishedhishomework.2.表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：-It'ssocoldinhere.Whohasbrokenthewindow?3.过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since或for短语连用）-LihasstudiedEnglishfortwentyyears.-Collectingdollsasahobbybecomesincreasi
7、nglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears.b[注]1.副词用：just,before,already,often,never,ever,always,not...yet或now,today,thisweek等；不用过去的时间状语。2.-Hisgrandmother______forthirtyyears.a.diedb.haddiedc.hasbeendeadd.hasdied-Hehasbeeninthearmyfortwoyears.(不能说Hehasjoinedthearmyfor...)-I___
8、___acollegestudentformorethanayear.a.becameb.havebecomec.wasd.havebeen-ItisthreeyearssincehesenttotheU.S.(不能说Hehasgon
