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1、(1561-1626)FrancisBaconGeneralIntroductionArepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEnglandPhilosopher,scientistandessayistfounderofmodernscienceinEnglandInsistingonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservationPope:“thewisest,brightest,meanestofmankindGeneralIntroduction培
2、根本人的遗嘱：我把灵魂留给上帝，把躯体留给一抔黄土，把名字留给未来的时代和异国他乡的民族。马克思的评价：“therealfatherofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral”英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。BackgroundoftheWriterBeingborn:theyoungersonofElizabeth’sfirstLordKeeper,Baconhadafortunateheritageandbackg
3、round.12:studiedatTrinityCollege,Cambridge15:graduatedandworkedintheembassyinFrance18:returned;hisfatherdiedleavinghimnoproperty;hisaunt’shusbanddidn’tgivehimanychance,either.SoheenteredGray’sInn(葛雷法学院)tostudylaw.26:becameM.P.forhiseloquenceandgraduallyestabli
4、shedhisreputation;foundEarlEssexashispatron,whoisElisabeth’sfavoritecourtier.Later:offendedtheQueenbystronglyopposingtosomenewtaxes;45:defendedfortheKing’staxes(JamesI)becameLordKeeperandthenLordChancellorofEngland.60:wasaccusedoftakingbribesinoffice,deprivedo
5、fhisseatinparliament,andfined;aftertheimprisonments,banishedfromLondon,Baconretiredindisgracetospendthelastfiveyearsofhislifeinthestudyofscienceandphilosophy.PersonaltrajectoryofBaconLordKeeper/M.P.LordoftheChancellorscen&philoBorn1215234560endHisWorksTheAdvan
6、cementofLearning(1605)(inEnglish)《学术的进展》/《治学之道》NovumOrganum(1620)(anenlargedLatinversionofTheAdvancementofLearning)《新工具论》DeAugmentis《科学推进论》Essays(1597-1625)《随笔》/《论说文集》TheNewAtlantis《新大西岛》unfinished,utopianMaximsofLaw《法律的准则》ReadingontheStatuteofUses《谈使用法则》Bacon
7、’sessaysBacon’sEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesen
8、tencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries（对称）.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewe
