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1、中华文史英文谈ENGLISHthroughCHINESEHISTORYANDCULTURELet’sgetsomereviewing.秦皇汉武EmperorQinShihuangandEmperorHanWudi科举、科考civilserviceexamination儒家行政系统（官僚制度）Confucianbureaucracy历史文献historicaldocumentation清谈及玄学PureTalkandMysteriousLearning仁、义、礼、智、信humanity,rightness,propriety,
2、wisdom,andtrustworthinessLet’sgetsomereviewing.TaoismItactuallyreferstotwodifferentthings:TaoistphilosophyfoundedbyLaoZi,ZhuangZiandotherthinkers,andtheTaoistreligion,whichtookshapetowardstheendoftheEasternHan.“Mysteryofallmysteries!Thedoorofallsubtleties.”“玄之又玄，众妙
3、之门。”“Thoughdeathbefallsallmen,itmaybeheavierthanMountTai,orlighterthanagoose’sfeather.”“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。”ThegloryoftheHanEmpirewasbuiltonthebacksofthepeasants.汉朝之辉煌筑于农民之脊背上。ThestateofQindidnotbecomepoliticallysignificantbeforeabouttheseventhcenturyBC,butby221BCit
4、hadconqueredalltheremainingWarringStatesandQinShiHuangdiproclaimedhimselftheAugustFirstEmperorofChina.AlthoughtheQinDynastywasshort-liveditwascrucialtotheformationofChinaasaunifiedandhomogenousstate.ItalsogaveChinaitsnameinEuropeanlanguages,Qinbeingpronounced“chin”
5、.FromTheTimesAncientCivilizations2002QINCHINA(221BC–AD220)Unificationfurthered,butharshnesslessenedandConfucianismmadebasisforbureaucraticstate.Buddhismintroduced.Encyclopedichistory,dictionarycompiled;porcelainproduced.FromTheColumbiaEncyclopedia:SixthEdition.2000
6、HANDYNASTY(206BC–220AD) Former(Western)Han(206BC–25AD)Later(Eastern)Han(25–220AD)Althoughthefirstemperorhopedhisdynastywouldsurvive10,000years,infactitonlylasted15andafterhisdeathin210BC,therewasadynastystruggleandaperiodofcivilwarfollowingwhichtheHanDynastyestabli
7、sheditself,andremainedinpower–withonebriefinterlude–forthenext400years.TheHanDynastyassertedsovereigntyovervastregionsfromKoreaintheeasttoCentralAsiainthewestandVietnamtothesouth.Theopeningupoftheso-calledSilkRoutesenabledChinesetraderstoselltheirsilkasfarafieldasR
8、omeandtoimportthehorsesfromtheFerghanaareaofCentralAsiasoimportanttotheirCHINAUNDERHAN(202BC–220AD)abilitytofightthenomadicpeoplewhoconstantlyass
