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1、.word格式.（理工A）2014年完形填空15.“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage（“液化”是日本地震破坏的关键）Themassivesubductionzone1earthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil"liquefaction"thathassurprisedresearcherswithitswidespreadseverity,anewanalysisshows."We'veseenlocalized3examplesofsoil
2、liquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceandextentofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,"saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineering4atOregonStateUniversity5."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,"Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgas
3、pipelines6,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedtofunction.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet."Somedegreeofsoilliquefaction7iscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It'saphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir
4、strengthandflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkorcollapse.ButmostearthquakesaremuchshorterthantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurring
5、insituationssuchasthis."Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesawhowstructuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuiltonrecentlyfilledground,aremuchmorevu
6、lnerable."ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoilphenomenonandbetterprepareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,beforedamagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts.
7、"There'snodoubtthatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10that11willhelpustoreducerisksin.专业.专注..word格式.othersimilarevents,"Ashfordsaid."Futureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseoftechniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingst
8、onecolumns."Ashfordpointedoutthatnorther
