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1、InventoryManagement,SupplyContractsandRiskPooling库存管理、供应链契约与风险分担InventoryManagementOutline经济订货批量EconomicOrderingQuantityTheEffectofDemandUncertainty供应链契约?SequentialOptimization–NoRiskSharing?（风险分担）回购?收入共享契约其它契约，理论上来说有无数种ServiceLevel:(s,S)PolicyPeriod
2、icReviewPolicy?RiskPooling:Centralized集中vs.Decentralized分散Systems?InventoryTurnOverRatio库存管理Wheredoweholdinventory从上图来看，库存在哪里?Suppliersandmanufacturers制造商warehousesanddistributioncenters–retailers?每个点都可能备有库存库存的种类Work-in-Process(WIP)rawmaterialsfinish
3、edgoods?库存从本质上来说是？Whydoweholdinventory?Economiesofscale规模经济UncertaintyinsupplyanddemandLeadTime提前期,Capacitylimitations生产能力限制库存管理目标：缩减成本、提高服务水平由于进行了有效的库存管理:Xeroxeliminated$700millioninventoryfromitssupplychainWal-Martbecamethelargestretailcompanyutili
4、zingefficientinventorymanagementGMhasreducedparts备件inventoryandtransportationcostsby26%annually由于没有进行有效的库存管理：In1994,“IBMcontinuestostrugglewithshortagesintheirThinkPadline”(WSJ,Oct7,1994)In1993,“LizClaibornesaiditsunexpectedearningdeclineistheconsequ
5、enceofhigherthananticipatedexcessinventory”(WSJ,July15,1993)In1993,“DellComputerspredictsaloss;Stockplunges（猛跌）.Dellacknowledgedthatthecompanywassharplyoffinitsforecastofdemand,resultingininventorywritedowns”(WSJ,August1993)库存管理目标：缩减成本、提高服务水平理解库存管理库存
6、政策受以下因素影响:DemandCharacteristics需求特性LeadTime产品种类的多少。公司目标?Servicelevel?MinimizecostsCostStructure成本结构库存成本结构订购成本FixedVariable?持有成本Insurance保险MaintenanceandHandling维护与处理TaxesOpportunityCosts机会成本Obsolescence过期EOQ经济订购批量:ASimpleModel*BookStoreMug杯子SalesDema
7、ndisconstant,at20unitsaweekFixedordercostof$12.00,noleadtimeHoldingcostof25%ofinventoryvalueannuallyMugscost$1.00,sellfor$5.00?QuestionHowmanytoorder?EOQ:AViewofInventory*EOQ:计算总成本*PurchaseCost：Constant?HoldingCost:(Avg.Inven)*(HoldingCost)?Ordering(
8、SetupCost):NumberofOrders*OrderCost?Goal:FindtheOrderQuantitythatMinimizesTheseCosts:EOQ:TotalCost*EOQ:OptimalOrderQuantity*OptimalQuantity=Soforourproblem,theoptimalquantityis316?Tradeoffbetweenset-upcostsandholdingcostswhendeterminingorderquantity.
