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1、人文地理HUMANGEOGRAPHY第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyPoliticalgeographyisthestudyoftheorganizationanddistributionofpoliticalphenomena,includingtheirimpactonotherspatialcomponentsofsocietyandculture.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeography1.NationalPoliticalSystems2.GeographicCharacteristicsofStates3.StateC
2、ohesiveness4.InternationalPoliticalSystems第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyStates,NationsAstatecanbedefinedaseither(1)andofthepoliticalunitsformingafederalgovernment(e.g.,oneoftheUnitedStates)oras(2)arecognizedindependentpoliticalentityholdingsovereigntyoveraterritory(e.g.,theUnitedStates).
3、Inthislattersense,stateissynonymouswithcountryornation.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyThatis,anationcanalsobedefinedas(1)anindependentpoliticalunitholdingsovereigntyoveraterritory(e.g.,amemberoftheUnitedNations).Butitcanalsobeusedtodescribe(20acommunityofpeoplewithacommonancestry,culture,
4、andterritory(e.g.,theKurdishnation).Theseconddefinitionisnotsynonymouswithstateorcountry.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyToavoidconfusion,weshalldefineastateontheinternationallevelasanindependentpoliticalunitoccupyingadefined,permanentlypopulatedterritoryandhavingfullsovereigncontroloverit
5、sinternalandforeignaffairs.Anationisagroupofpeoplewithacommoncultureoccupyingaparticularterritory,boundtogetherbyastrongsenseofunityarisingfromsharedbeliefsandcustoms.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyThesize,shape,andlocationofanyonestatecombinetodistinguishitfromallothers.Thesecharacterist
6、icsareofmorethanacademicinterest,becausetheyalsoaffectthepowerandstabilityofstates.Size:Aneasyassumptionwouldbethatthelargerastate’sarea,thegreateristhechancethatitwillincludetheores,energysupplies,andfertilesoilsfromwhichitcanbenefit.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyShape:Likesize,acountry
7、’sshapecanaffectitswell-beingasastatebyfosteringorhinderingeffectiveorganization.Themostefficientformwouldbeacirclewiththecapitallocatedinthecenter.Itwouldalsohavetheshortestpossibleborderstodefend.Theyhaveroughlycircularshapes,formingacompactstate.第十二章政治地理PoliticalGeographyProruptst
8、atesarenearl
