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1、MathematicalBiosciencesInstitute(OhioStateUniv),2October2003Chapter11Cellcycle1introductionofthecellcycle由细胞分裂结束到下一次细胞分裂结束所经历的过程,叫细胞周期。分为4个期:–G1期(gap1),指从有丝分裂完成到期DNA复制之前的间隙时间。–S期(synthesisphase),指DNA复制的时期。–G2期(gap2),指DNA复制完成到有丝分裂开始之前的一段时间。–M期又称D期(mitosisordivisi
2、on),细胞分裂开始到结束。2001NobelPrizeLelandH.Hartwell1970s“Checkpoint”Yeastgenetics~100CDCgenesStartgeneTimHunt1980sCyclinsSeaUrchinsPaulM.Nurse1970sCDKsyeast2MPF(Mphase–promotingfactor),Cyclin,CDK2.1MPFfound2.2MPFcomponentsCyclin(B)CDK(cyclindependentkinase)1970sRao和Joh
3、nson发现与M期细胞(Hela)融合的间期细胞染色体发生凝缩,称为早熟凝集染色体(prematurelycondensedchromosome,PCC)。–G1期PCC为单线状,因DNA未复制。–S期PCC为粉末状,因DNA由多个部位开始复制。–G2期PCC为双线染色体,说明DNA复制已完成。•甚至不同类的M期细胞也可诱导PCC产生,说明M期细胞具有促进间期细胞进行分裂的因子,即成熟促进因子(maturationpromotingfactor,MPF)。G1phasefusewithMphase2.1MPFfound
4、sphasefusewithMphaseG2phasefusewithMphaseMPFManfredLohkaandJimMaller(UCHSC)-usedcellfreeassaytopurifyMPF-testedvariouscytosolicfractionsforMPFactivityMPFisa2subunitproteinkinase-32kDaand45kDaMPFCdkHistoryofMPFPCCM-phaseTriggerMPFP32andP45,kinase非洲爪蟾(1988)Cdcgene
5、foundinyeastP34cdc2triggerG2/MP34cdc2bindwithP56cdc13activeCyclinfoundinurchin,keyfactorForM-phase(1983)MPFincludeCdkandcyclinp32=P34cdc2=CDKP45=P56cdc13=cyclinB2.2Cyclin1983firstfoundG1-phase:cyclinC,cyclinD,cyclinECln1,Cln2,Cln3(Yeast)M-phase:cyclinA,cyclinB,C
6、omparativelystableA2DestroyboxCyclinboxB1PEST,G1cyclinrenewalCDifferentCyclinexpressedindifferentcellcyclephaseBindwithDifferentCDK,regulateCDKkinaseactivity特点:在细胞周期中呈周期性变化。含有一段约100个氨基酸的保守序列,称为周期蛋白框,介导周期蛋白与CDK结合。Regulationofmitoticcyclinlevelsincyclingcells.MPFr
7、egulationwaselucidatedbyTimHunt’sdiscoveryofCyclinsPSTAIREantibodyBindsALLCDK’s2.3CDKCyclindependkinaseCDKICDKkinasedomainCdk1=cdc2Cdk3cdk8细胞周期控制细胞周期检验点(checkpoint)组成:感受器、信号传导通路、效应器。•主要检验点:–G1/S检验点:DNA是否损伤?细胞外环境是否适宜?细胞体积是否足够大?在酵母中称start点,在哺乳动物中称R点(restrictionpoi
8、nt)。–S期检验点:DNA复制是否完成?–G2/M检验点:DNA是否损伤?细胞体积是否足够大?–中-后期检验点:纺锤体组装检验点。六、细胞周期检验点(checkpoint)3.1TheG1/SCheckpoint环境因素生长因子内部因素DNA损伤G1cyclinD(D1,D2,D3),E,AG1CDK,CDK2,4,6cycli