核电站的腐蚀(英文).pdf

《核电站的腐蚀(英文).pdf》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、APPENDIXLELECTRICALUTILITIESLiLiiAPPENDIXLELECTRICALUTILITIES1GERHARDUSH.KOCHPH.D.SUMMARYANDANALYSISOFRESULTSCorrosionControlandPreventionThetotalcostofelectricitysoldintheUnitedStatesin1998was3.24milliongigawatthours(GWh)atacosttoconsumersof$218.4billion.Electricitygenerationplantscanb

2、edividedintosevengenerictypes:fossilfuel,nuclear,hydroelectric,cogeneration,geothermal,solar,andwind.ThemajorityofelectricpowerintheUnitedStatesisgeneratedbyfossilandnuclearsteamsupplysystems.Thefossilfuelsector(includinggasturbinesandcombinedcycleplants)isthelargest,withageneratingcapa

3、cityofapproximately488gigawatts(GW),andatotalgenerationof2.227millionGWhin1998.In1998,approximately102nuclearstationswereoperation,withageneratingcapacityof97.1GWandatotalgenerationof673,700GWh.TwodifferenttypesofnuclearreactorsarecurrentlyinuseintheUnitedStates,namelytheboilingwaterrea

4、ctor(BWR)andthepressurizedwaterreactor(PWR).Thefuelforthesetypesofreactorsissimilar,consistingoflongbundlesof2to4percentenricheduraniumdioxidefuelpelletsstackedinzirconium-alloycladdingtubes.TheBWRdesignconsistsofasingleloopinwhichtheenteringwateristurneddirectlytosteamfortheproductiono

5、fenergy.ThePWRdesignisatwo-loopsystemthatuseshighpressuretomaintainanall-liquid-waterprimaryloop.Energyistransferredtothesecondarysteamloopthroughtwotofoursteamgenerators.ThePWRalsousesawetsteamturbine.Theelectricpowerindustryusesthreedifferenttypesoffossilfuelpowerplants.Themostcommona

6、ndwidelyusedisthepulverizedcoal-firedsteampowerplant.Fueloilcanbeusedinsteadofcoal.Gasturbinesareusuallysmallerunitsthatareusedforpeakloadsandoperateonlyforafewhoursperday.Combined-cycleplantsusingbothsteamandgasturbinesaregenerallyusedforbaseloadservice,butalsomustbecapableofaddressing

7、peakloads.Hydraulicpowersystemsincludebothhydroelectricandpumpedstoragehydroelectricplants.Inbothprocesses,waterisdirectedfromadamthroughaseriesoftaperingpipestorotateturbinesthatcreateelectricity.Inprinciple,thepotentialenergyheldinthedamconvertsintokineticenergywhenitflowsthr