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1、Toulmin'sAnalysisStephenToulmin,amodernrhetorician,believedthatfewargumentsactuallyfollowclassicalmodelsoflogiclikethesyllogism,sohedevelopedamodelforanalyzingthekindofargumentyoureadandheareveryday--innewspapersandontelevision,atwork,inclassrooms,andin
2、conversation.Toulmin'smodelfocusesonidentifyingthebasicpartsofanargument.Asaresearcherandwriter,youcanuseToulmin'smodeltwoways:·toidentifyandanalyzeyoursourcesbyidentifyingthebasicelementsoftheargumentsbeingmade,and·totestandcritiqueyourownargument.Toul
3、minidentifiesthethreeessentialpartsofanyargumentastheclaim,thedataorevidencewhichisofferedtosupporttheclaim,andthewarrant.Thewarrantistheassumptiononwhichtheclaimandtheevidencedepend.Anotherwayofsayingthiswouldbethatthewarrantexplainswhythedatasupportst
4、heclaim.Forexample,supposeyouseeaoneofthosecommercialsforaproductthatpromisestogiveyouwhiterteeth.Herearethebasicpartsoftheargumentbehindthecommercial:YoushouldbuyourClaimtooth-whiteningproduct.Studiesshowthatteethare50%whiterafterDatausingtheproductfor
5、aspecifiedtime.PeoplewantwhiterWarrantteeth.Noticethatthosecommercialsdon'tusuallybothertryingtoconvinceyouthatyouwantwhiterteeth;instead,theyassumethatyouhaveboughtintothevalueourcultureplacesonwhiterteeth.Whenanassumption--awarrantinToulmin'sterms--is
6、unstated,it'scalledanimplicitwarrant.Sometimes,however,thewarrantmayneedtobestatedbecauseitisapowerfulpartoftheargument.Whenthewarrantisstated,it'scalledanexplicitwarrant.Toulminsaysthattheweakestpartofanyargumentisitsweakestwarrant.Rememberthatthewarra
7、ntisthelinkbetweenthedataandtheclaim.Ifthewarrantisn'tvalid,theargumentcollapses.Nowthatyou'refamiliarwiththethreemainpartsofanargument,let'slookatthreeotherelementsToulminidentified.Aqualifierisastatementabouthowstrongtheclaimis.Forexample,ifyouareclai
8、mingthatstainsonteetharecausedbydrinkingcoffee,youmightneedtoacknowledgethattheremaybeQualifierothercausesaswell.Yourqualifiedclaimwouldbethatdrinkingcoffeeisthemostsignificantcause(althoughperhapsnottheonlycause)ofstainedteeth.A
