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1、CHAPTER1WhatisPsychology?1.DefinitionsamorerecentdefinitionbyAtkinsonetal(1991)suggeststhatpsychologyis:'Thescientificstudyofbehaviourandmentalprocesses・Justgivingthissimpledefinition,however,isabitmisleading,sincepsychologistsnowandthroughouttheirhistoryhave
2、notonlydisagreedaboutthedeflnitionofpsychologybuthavealsostronglydisagreedaboutwhatshouldbestudiedinthesubjectandhowitshouldbestudied.2.ThehistoryofpsychologyA.Wheredidpsychologycomefrom?a.PHILOSOPHY(l)Empiricism-whicharguedthathumansshouldonlymeasuredatathat
3、isobjectivelyobservable,suchasbehaviour.(2)Positivism-whicharguedthatthemethodsandprinciplesofscienceshouldbeappliedtohumanbehaviour・b.BIOLOGY(1)Evolution-Darwin*ssuggestionthathumanshaveevolvedfromotheranimals.Thediscoveriesingeneticsthatfollowedfromhisevolu
4、tionarytheroyhavehadmanyimportantimplicationsforthestudyandunderstandingofbehaviour.⑵Physiology-thediscoveries,mostlybythemedicalprofession,ofthestructureandfunctionofthebrain,nervous,andendocrinesystemhavesignificantlycontributedtotheunderstandingofbehaviour
5、.c.PHYSICSPhysicist,suchasFechnerstartedapplyingtheirsubjecttohuamanbehaviourandexperience(psychophysics)inthenineteenthcentury,withsomesuccess・B.Whendidpsychologystarted?Thedate1879isusuallysaidtobethestartofpsychologyasaseparatescientificdiscipline,sinceitw
6、aswhenWilhelmWundtcreatedthefirstpsychologylaboratoryinLeipzig.Wundtis,therefore,regardedastheafoundingfather”ofpsychology,althoughAmericanstendtosuggestthatWilliamJamesshouldhavethishonorsincehis1890book(whichtook12yearstowrite)entitledPrincipleofPsychologyw
7、asamajorlandmarkinpsychology'sliteratureandhebeganteachingacourseontherelationshipbetweenphysiologyandpsychologyatHarvardUniversityin1875.C.Howdidpsychologydevelop?a.StructuralismStructuraliswasthefirstapproachtoinvestigatingpsychology,pioneeredbyWundthimself
8、,whothoughtthattheobjectofpsychologicalinvestigationshouldbetheconsciousmind,andthatitshouldbestudiedbyintrospection(lookinginwardsatone'sownmentalexperience)inordertobreakitdownintoitsco
