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1、外文文献翻译译文5000多字(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：MessnerM,LinkeM，EfordA.ShovelingTweets:Ananalysisofthemicrobloggingengagementoftraditionalnewsorganizations[J].PhysicaStatusSolidi,2012,68(2):543-551.英文原文Shovelingtweets:AnanalysisofthemicrobloggingengagementoftraditionalnewsorganizationsMarcusMessner,Maur
2、eenLinke,AsrielEfbrdIntroductionThepopularityofTwitterhasgrownrapidlyinonlythefiveyearsofitsexistence・StartedasaprojectbyaSanFranciscobasedpodcastingcompanyin2006,themicrobloggingplatformhad100,000usersoneyearlaterandwasnamed“bestbloggingtool"bytheinfluentialSouthbySouthwestfestival(Hami
3、lton,2007).Timenamed"tweet"oneofthetopbuzzwordsof2008andduetotheoverallbuzzthenumberofTwitterusersquicklyincreasedintothemillions(Cloud,2008).NewseventsinwhichTwitterplayedasignificantroleintheearlynewsdisseminationorincircumventinggovernmentrestrictions,liketheMumbaiterrorattacksin2008,
4、theGreenRevolutioninIranin2009,theearthquakeinHaitiin2010,andtheMiddleEastuprisingsin2011,turnedmicrobloggingintoaninternationalphenomenonthatalsodemonstrateditspoliticalandjournalisticimpact.TheuseofTwitterasacampaigningtoolinthe2008U.S.presidentialelectionalsostresseditspotentialforpub
5、licrelationsandfundraising(Garrison-Sprenger,2008;Shirky，2011;Smith2010).Byearly2011,Twitterhadbecometheninthmostpopularwebsiteintheworldwith200millionusersandtheseventhmostpopularintheU.S.OnlyFacebookisamorepopularsocialnetworktoday(Alexa.com,2011a).Twitterhasnotonlygainedgreatpopularit
6、ywithitsusers,butithasalsobecomeavaluabletoolforjournaliststofindsources,monitorconversationsandbuildanonlinefollowingthroughsocialbookmarkingandtweeting.Farhi(2009)pointedoutthat"itsspeedandbrevitymakeitidealforpushingoutscoopsandbreakingnewstoTwitter-savyreaders^(p.28).Nevertheless,man
7、ynewsorganizationsstruggledtouseTwitterbeyondthemeansofnewsdissemination.AsLowery(2009)stated,"we"dusedTwittertopushourstories,viewingitasanotherchannelbywhichtomarketourcontent,butacknowledgedthat"itspotentialismuchgreater^(p.33).Aftertheinitialnewseventsthatsuddenlyturn
