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1、Directions:Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOnePerhapsthemostimportantdefiningcharacteristicofahumanbeingisculture.Thetermcultureasusedhereisnotlimitedtoopera
2、s,paintings,andotherartisticendeavors.Theseareseenbyanthropologists(人类学家)asexamplesofculture:cultureitselfisthecustomarymannerinwhichhumangroupslearntoorganizetheirbehaviorandthoughtinrelationtotheirenvironment.Definedinthismanner,culturehasthreeprincipalaspects:behavioral,p
3、erceptualandmaterial.Thebehavioralcomponentreferstohowpeopleact,especiallyhowtheyinteractwitheachother.Inchildrearing(养育),forexample,parentsandchildrentendtointeractinarelativelypatternedfashion.Thenthereisthemannerofperception,thewayspeopleperceivetheworld.Forexample,parent
4、shavealimitedrangeofideasabouthowtheyshouldact,andwhatsignificanceparenthoodcarriesintheschemeofthings.Finally,thereisthematerialcomponentofculture—thephysicalobjectsthatweproduce.Mostofwhatgoesintomakingupcultureisaresultoflearning—modifyingbehaviorinresponsetoexperiencewit
5、hinanenvironment.Learningispracticallyuniversalamongorganisms.Butnootherorganismhasagreatercapacityforlearningthanahuman,ordependsasmuchonlearnedbehaviorforitssurvival.Whilethesurvivalofmostotherorganismsistosomeextentsafeguardedbyinstincts,humansrelyheavilyonculturefortheir
6、survival.Peoplemustlearnhowtoliveinaparticularsocialandphysicalsetting,biologyplayingbutaminimal(最小限度的)role.Theideasandmodesofbehaviorthatconstituteculturearetransmittedlargelybyacomplexsystemofsymbolsthatincludeslanguage.Humanshaveevolvedanextremelycomplexsystemofcommunicat
7、ionthatisuniquetoourspecies.Withoutitthecreationofhumancultureasweknowitwouldbeimpossible.1.Whatisthedefinitionofculturebyanthropologists?问题1答案C)Behavioral,perceptualandmaterialcomponentsinteractingwitheachother.B)Customarymannersofbehaviorandthoughtrelatedtotheenvironment.A
8、)Operas,paintingsandmayotherartisticactivitiesasawhole.D)Thedifferentwayspe
