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1、.AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)PuritanismwasareligiousreformthatarosewithinthechurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesofthe17thtothenorthernEnglishcoloniesinthenewworld---amigrationthatlaidthe
2、foundationforthereligious,intellectual,andsocialorderofnewEngland.Puritanism,however,wasnotonlyahistoricallyspecificphenomenoncoincidentwiththefoundingofnewEngland,itwasalsoawayofbeingintheworld---astyleofresponsetolivedexperience---thathasreverberatedthr
3、oughAmericanlifeeversince.Doctrinally,puritansadheredtothefivepointsofCalvinismascodifiedatthesynodofDortin1619:1)unconditionalelection:theideathatGodhaddecreedatthesynodofdamnedandwhowassavedfrombeforethebeginningoftheworld;2)limitedatonement:theideathat
4、Christdiedfortheelectonly;3)totaldepravity:humanity’suttercorruptionsincethefall;4)irresistiblegrace:regenerationasentirelyaworkofGod,whichcannotbere3sistedandtowhichthesinnercontributesnothing;5)theperseveranceofthesaints:theelect,despitetheirbacksliding
5、andfaintnessofheart,cannotfallawayfromgrace.清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革.在教会和皇权的双重压力之下,清教的一个分支于17世纪30,40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地,他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，而且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。从教义上说，清教徒遵循加尔文派于1619年多特宗教会议上制定的五条信条：1）无条件拣选：神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡，而是在创世以前就拣选了一群人旅行拯救
6、；2）有限救赎：基督的死只是为了特定数目的选民而死；3）完全堕落：自从亚当偷吃善恶果后，整个人类都堕落了；4）不可抗拒的恩典：圣灵的能力在罪人心里运行，一直到他认罪悔改方休；5）圣徒的坚守：圣徒是神所挑选的，无论他们如何退步，始终在神的感召下。8AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)RomanticismreferstoanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacteriz
7、edbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions.TheromanticperiodinAmericanliteraturestretchesfromtheendofthe1
8、8thcenturythroughttheoutbreakofthecivilwar.Itwasanageofgreatwestwardexpansion,oftheincreasinggravityoftheslaveryquestion,ofanintensificationofthespiritofembattledsectionalisminthesouth,andofapowerfulimpulsetoreformi
