笔记-新编简明英语语言学教程-复习资料

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1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人

2、类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递5.语言能力Competen

3、ce（抽象）Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。7.历时语言学DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyofla

4、nguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8.共时语言学SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.语言langue（抽象）Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.言语parole（具体）Therealizationofla

5、ngueinactualuse.11.规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.12.描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知识点1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivityc

6、arriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussure:Langue和parole的区别⑵美国语言学家N.Chomsky:in1950针对Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instin

7、ctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset

8、ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.⑷美国语言学家CharlesHockett:提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures3.theword’langu