《教你如何写议论文》PPT课件

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1、Argumentation2GuidedConstructionofWritingKnowledgeTaskstoday1Submityourpassageandreadothers’.(20)2Learnmoreaboutreasoning:inductionanddeduction(30)3Preparingasortofdebateonanauthenticissue(40)3topics(6groups)eachpresentbypptandfollowedbyoraldebate,ifnecessary,andevaluated

2、byclass)RecallWhatarethecomponentsofargumentation?1.Thesisstatement(论点）2.Arguments（论据）3.Reasoningprocess（论证）WritingstepswhenfacingacontroversialissueWeighinganArgument---toestablishthethesisstatement(论点）BuildinganArgument----byconfirmingyourownorrefutingothers’withArgumen

3、ts（论据)RefutinganArgument--Inadditiontoyourconfirmingyourown,manytimesyouneedtorefuteyouropponents’opinions.Requirementsforargumentation1.Adebatablepoint:somethingwhichcanbeviewedmorethanoneangle.2.SufficientevidenceSufficientevidenceincludescommonknowledge;specificexample

4、s;hard,notsoft,evidence,facts,notopinions,unlesstheopinionsareexpertandauthoritative;statistics,andquotationsfromauthorities.3.GoodlogicTwowaysofreasoning:1)Inductivereasoning:Youmovefromspecificexamplestoageneralstatement.2)Deductivereasoning:Youmovefromageneralstatement

5、toaspecificconclusion.Whatisinductivereasoning?Summarizemanyobservationstogeneralizetoaconclusion(datalargeandrepresentative)ThemisuseofinductionAninductiveconclusion:unreliablequantityoftheevidencehastygeneralizationUnqualifiedgeneralizationposthoc(afterthis,becauseofthi

6、s)HastyGeneralizationAgeneralizationbasedontoolittleevidenceoronexceptionalorbiasedevidence.Republicanshavelotsofmoney.(ManyRepublicansdon'thavemuchmoney.)StslocalaccentPostHoc"Afterthis,sobecauseofthis"—themistakeofassumingthatbecauseoneeventfollowsanother,thefirstmustbe

7、thecauseofthesecond.ThenewmayortookofficelastJanuaryandcrimeinthestreetshasalreadyincreased25percent.Theassumptionisthathavingthenewmayorcausedtheincreaseincrime,anassumptionsunlikelytobetrue.DictoSimpliciter(unqualifiedgeneralization)Followingarulewithoutconsideringtheim

8、portantdifferenceExerciseTimeismoneycompetitionWhatisdeductivereasoning?Whileinductivereasoningm