【艾柯】如何写一篇论文设计

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1、HowtoWriteaThesisHowtoWriteaThesisUmbertoEcotranslatedbyCaterinaMongiatFarinaandGeoffFarinaforewordbyFrancescoErspamerTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,England©2015MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyTranslatedfromtheoriginalItalian,Comesifaunatesidilaurea:lemat

2、erieumanistiche,©1977/2012Bompiani/RCSLibriS.p.A.,ViaAngeloRizzoli8–20132MilanoAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromth

3、epublisher.MITPressbooksmaybepurchasedatspecialquantitydiscountsforbusinessorsalespromotionaluse.Forinformation,pleaseemailspecial_sales@mitpress.mit.edu.ThisbookwassetinChapparalProbytheMITPress.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-i

4、n-PublicationDataisavailable.isbn:978-0-262-52713-210987654321CONTENTSForewordbyFrancescoErspamerixTranslators’ForewordxvIntroductiontotheOriginal1977EditionxixIntroductiontothe1985Editionxxiii1THEDEFINITIONANDPURPOSEOFTHETHESIS1.1WhatIsaThesis,andWhyIsItRequired?11.

5、2ForWhomIsThisBookWritten?41.3TheUsefulnessofaThesisafterGraduation51.4FourObviousRulesforChoosingaThesisTopic72CHOOSINGTHETOPIC2.1MonographorSurvey?92.2HistoricalorTheoretical?132.3AncientorContemporary?162.4HowLongDoesItTaketoWriteaThesis?172.5IsItNecessarytoKnowFo

6、reignLanguages?222.6“Scientific”orPolitical?262.6.1WhatDoesItMeantoBeScientific?262.6.2WritingaboutDirectSocialExperience322.6.3Treatinga“Journalistic”TopicwithScientificAccuracy352.7HowtoAvoidBeingExploitedbyYourAdvisor42viContents3CONDUCTINGRESEARCH3.1TheAvailabili

7、tyofPrimaryandSecondarySources453.1.1WhatAretheSourcesofaScientificWork?453.1.2DirectandIndirectSources503.2BibliographicalResearch543.2.1HowtoUsetheLibrary543.2.2ManagingYourSourceswiththeBibliographicalIndexCardFile583.2.3DocumentationGuidelines623.2.4AnExperimenti

8、ntheLibraryofAlessandria793.2.5MustYouReadBooks?IfSo,WhatShouldYouReadFirst?1034THEWORKPLANANDTHEINDEXCARDS4.1TheTableofContentsasa