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1、%%FF939029_3CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONTOSTATISTICSCONTENTSPreview1.1Statistics,Science,andObservations1.2PopulationsandSamples1.3TheScienti®cMethodandtheDesignofResearchStudies1.4ScalesofMeasurement1.5DiscreteandContinuousVariables1.6StatisticalNotationSummaryFocusonProblemSolvin
2、gDemonstrations1.1and1.2Problems3%%FF939029_441/INTRODUCTIONTOSTATISTICSPREVIEWBeforewebeginourdiscussionofstatistics,weaskyounewmaterialinthechapter.Asyoureadeachpreviewtotakeafewmomentstoreadthefollowingparagraph,section,youshouldgainageneraloverviewofthechap-whichhasbeen
3、adaptedfromapsychologyexperimenttercontent.Remember,allstatisticalmethodsweredevel-reportedbyBransfordandJohnson(1972).opedtoserveapurpose.Ifyouunderstandwhyanewprocedureisneeded,youwill®nditmucheasiertolearnTheprocedureisactuallyquitesimple.Firstyouar-theprocedure.rangethi
4、ngsintodifferentgroupsdependingontheirTheobjectivesforthis®rstchapteraretoprovideanmakeup.Ofcourse,onepilemaybesuf®cient,de-introductiontothetopicofstatisticsandtogiveyoupendingonhowmuchthereistodo.Ifyouhavetogosomebackgroundfortherestofthebook.Wewilldis-somewhereelseduetol
5、ackoffacilities,thatisthecusstheroleofstatisticswithinthegeneral®eldofscien-nextstep;otherwiseyouareprettywellset.Itisim-ti®cinquiry,andwewillintroducesomeofthevocabu-portantnottooverdoanyparticularendeavor.Thatis,laryandnotationthatarenecessaryforthestatisticalitisbetterto
6、dotoofewthingsatoncethantoomany.methodsthatfollow.Insomerespects,thischapterservesIntheshortrunthismaynotseemimportant,butcom-asapreviewsectionfortherestofthebook.plicationsfromdoingtoomanycaneasilyarise.AAsyoureadthroughthefollowingchapters,keepinmistakecanbeexpensiveaswel
7、l.Themanipulationofmindthatthegeneraltopicofstatisticsfollowsawell-theappropriatemechanismsshouldbeself-explanatory,organized,logicallydevelopedprogressionthatleadsandweneednotdwellonithere.At®rstthewholefrombasicconceptsandde®nitionstoincreasinglyso-procedurewillseemcompli
8、cated.Soon,however,itphisticatedtechniques.Thus,thematerialpresentedinwillbecomeju
