化学物品安全设计

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1、Chapter3DesigningSaferChemicalsGeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsMethodsforDesigningSaferChemicalsChapter3DesigningSaferChemicals3.1GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicals3.1.1GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsTwomainwaystoavoidHazardandToxicity:1：

2、makeitnotpossibletoenterthebody,2：makeitnotpossibletoaffectthebio-chemicalandphysiologicalprocesses(生物化学和生理过程)hazardously.tohumanbeings,toenvironmentDirecthazard&IndirecthazardGeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsExternalconsiderations：Reductionofexposureoraccessi

3、bility减少化学品与生物机体接触的可能性Internalconsiderations：Preventionoftoxiceffects预防化学品的毒性Theyrefertothereductionofexposurebydesigningchemicalstoimprovetheimportantphysicalandchemicalpropertiesrelatedtoenvironmentaldistributionandtheup-takeofthechemicalsbymanandotherlivingorganisms.

4、Externalconsiderations：GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicalsExternalconsiderations:ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityA.Propertiesrelatedtoenvironmentaldistribution/dispersion1.Volatility/density/meltingpoint2.Watersolubility3.Persistence/biodegradation(生物降解性)a.ox

5、idation,b.hydrolysis,c.microbialdegradation（微生物降解性）4.Conversiontobiologicallyactivesubstances5.ConversiontobiologicallyinactivesubstancesB.Propertiesrelatedtouptakebyorganisms1.Volatility（挥发性）2.Lipophilicity（亲油性）3.Molecularsize4.Degradation（降解性）a.hydrolysis（水解）,b.Effect

6、ofpH,c.susceptibilitytodigestiveenzymes（敏感性）（消化酶）Externalconsiderations:ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityStructuraldesignsorredesigns:increasedegradationrates,reducevolatility（挥发性）,reducepersistencetimeintheenvironmentandpossibilityofconversiontobiologicallyactivesubs

7、tancesintheenvironment.ExternalconsiderationsMoleculardesigns:reduceorimpede（妨碍）absorptionbyman,animalsandaquaticlife（水生生物）.C.Considerationofroutesofabsorptionbyman,animalsoraquaticlife1.Skin/eyes2.Lungs3.Gastrointestinaltract（消化系统）4.Gills(鳃)orotherspecificroutesExterna

8、lconsiderations:ReductionofexposureoraccessibilityBio-accumulation（生物聚集）orBio-magnification（生物放大）:Itreferstot