贸易制度与外资溢出效应：乌拉圭实证分析【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文TradeRegimesandSpilloverEffectsofFDI:EvidencefromUruguayMaterialSource:WeltwirtschaftlichesArchiv2001,VOL.137(1)Author:ByAriKokko,MarioZejan,andRubenTansiniI.IntroductionTheeffectsofdifferenttraderegimesonproductivityandefficiencyhavebeendebatedforseveraldecades.Thecur

2、rentlyfavoredpolicyconclusionstatesthattradeliberalizationisanecessarysteponthepathtofastergrowthandeconomicdevelopment.Thisbeliefis,forinstance,illustratedbytheoutwardorientationofmostongoingIMFandWorldBank-supportedeconomicreformprogramsinthedevelopingcountries.Themainargu

3、mentfortradeliberalizationisthatoutwardorientationimprovesresourceallocationandproductiveefficiency.Afreetradeenvironmentsupportsinvestmentinareaswheretheeconomyhascomparativeadvantages,andcompetitionfromabroadreducesthemarketpowerofindividualfirmsandforcesthemtoeconomizeonc

4、osts,withhigherproductivityandX-efficiencyasaresult.Moreover,tradeliberalizationpromotesexports,whichisparticularlyimportantinindustrieswherethedomesticmarketistoosmalltoallowtheexploitationofeconomiesofscale.However,theempiricalevidenceontheeffectsoftradepolicyonindustriale

5、fficiencyandproductivityisstillmixed.SomeresearchershavearguedthattheexperienceoftherapidlydevelopingAsianNICsdemonstratesapositiveconnectionbetweenoutwardorientationandGDPgrowth(Chow1987;Dollar1992),whileothersaremorecautiousregardingthecausaleffects(Hsiao1987;Harrison1996)

6、.Thereisalsoascarcityofconvincingevidenceatlowerlevelsofaggregation.Forinstance,examiningplantleveldataforseveraldevelopingcountries,RobertsandTybout(1991)andCleridesetal.(1998)findthatexportingdoesnotappeartohaveastrongimpactongrowth.BernardandJensen(1999)presentsimilarfind

7、ingsforUSfirms.Moregenerally,Bhagwati(1988)hasnotedthatthereislittleempiricalevidencetosupportthe(plausible)theoreticalargumentsforwhyoutward-orientedpoliciesshouldbebeneficial,andPack(1989)hasarguedthatempiricalstudieshavenotbeenabletofindanysignificantconnectionbetweentrad

8、eliberalizationandproductivitygrowth.Inadditiontotheexpectedeffectsoftradep