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1、外文翻译原文MaterialSource:DepartmentofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsUniversityofCaliforniaDavisAuthor:LovellS.JarvisHowBrazilTransferredBillionstoForeignCoffeeImporters:TheInternationalCoffeeAgreement,RentSeekingandExportTaxRebatesIntroduction.Toraisethepriceofcoffee,theInternationalCoffee
2、Agreement(ICA)imposedaglobalquotaontheamountofcoffeethatproducingcountriescouldexportduringmostoftheperiod1963-1989.Brazil,theworld’slargestcoffeeproducer,receivedthelargestshareofthequota.AlthoughthequotamayhaveincreasedtheinternationalpriceandthusimprovedBrazil’sgrosstermsoftrade1,the
3、quotaalsocreatedlargequotarentswithinBrazilandtheserentsmotivatedconsiderablerentseekingactivity.Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutrentseeking,e.g.,Krueger,1973,buttherearefewdetailedempiricalstudiesbecausetheeffectsofrentseekingareoftenhardtodocument.RentseekinginBraziloccurredinmanyofthetraditio
4、nalforms(Jarvis2001).However,anexceptional,butpreviouslyunidentifiedexampleofhowrentseekingaffectedthecoffeesectorinvolvesBrazil’suseofcoffeeexporttaxrebates.TheserebateswereintroducedsoonaftertheICAquotawasimplemented.Theamountoftheserebateswasinitiallysmall,averaging$21millionperyeard
5、uring1965-69,butgrewrapidlyandreachedapeakofnearly$2billionin1981.Intotal,between1965and1989,Brazilemittedmorethan$8billionincoffeeexporttaxrebates,therebyreducingBrazil’snetexporttaxes.TheexporttaxrebatesstimulatedinternationaldemandforBraziliancoffee,causingthenominalpriceofBrazil’sco
6、ffeetoriserelativetothoseofitscompetitors.However,thenetexportpricedeclined,causingBraziltotransferbillionsofdollarstoforeigncoffeeimportersandotherrebaterecipients.2Thelattereffectsappeartohavebeenwhollyunintendedandweremisunderstoodaspectsoftheuseofrebates.Therebateswereinitiallyjusti
7、fiedasameanstopricediscriminateandincreaseBrazil’scoffeerevenues(DelfimNettoandAndradePinto,1965).Oncethispolicyhadcomeunderfire,rebateswerejustifiedasnecessarytomaintainthe9competitivenessofBraziliancoffee,giventhatBrazilrequiredexporterstopayexporttaxesandturnoverforeignexcha
