2+Word+Formation

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1、Lecture2WordFormation(I)1WhatisMorpheme?Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedintoothersmallermeaningfulunits.E.gbarks=bark+ssunWordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormorethanonemorphemes.NumbersExamplesofmorphemes1boy,desire2boy+ish,desir(e)+able3boy+ish+ness4gentle+ma

2、n+li+ness5un+gentle+man+li+nessover5:anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism反对教会与国家分开学说Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed.e.gpurify=pur(e)+-ifytherule:Averbcanbeformedbyadding“-ify”toanadjective.Moreexamples:amplify,simplify,

3、falsify,intensify2.TypesofmorphemesFreemorphemeAfreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself.E.gbed,tree,sing,danceBoundmorphemeAboundmorphemeisonethatcannotappearalone.Itmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.E.g“-s”in“dogs”“-al”in“national”RootsArootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurt

4、heranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Thatmeansitisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.E.ginternationaldisheartenedRootscanbefree:Theycanstandbythemselves.e.g“black”in“black”,“blackbird”,“blackboard”,“blacksmith”Rootscanbebound:usedtogetherwithotherpartsofaword.e.g“tele-”in“te

5、lephone”,“television”,“telegraph”,“telescope”Affixes:usedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorphemes(theroot).Derivationalaffixes:affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordsPrefix:para-,mini,un-suffix:-ise,-tionInflectionalAffixes(屈折词缀)Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships.

6、E.g“-s(-es)”:books,fees,potatoes“-s(es)”:likes,goes“-’s”:Children’sDay,man’srole“-er”:harder,bigger“-est”:hardest,biggest“-ing”:dancing,workingProductivityandWordFormationInflectionsandderivationalaffixesareproductive.e.gsubsidize>subsidizes>subsidizationOvertimethefullvalueofmorphememaybe

7、lost.e.grecounttellagainrecovercoveragainrecoilcoilagainOtherrestrictionsonthejoiningofrootsandaffixes-ant/in-canonlybejoinedtoaLatinateroote.g–antassistant*helpantsinconsiderate*inhelpfulun-shouldbefollowedbypositiverootse.gunhappy*unsadunkind*uncruel3Word