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1、RFIDHandbook:FundamentalsandApplicationsinContactlessSmartCardsandIdentification,SecondEditionKlausFinkenzellerCopyrightÓ2003JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.13ISBN:0-470-84402-7ExampleApplications13.1ContactlessSmartCardsThefirstplasticcardsappearedintheUSAasearlyasthebeginningofthe1
2、950s,whencheapPVCreplacedcardboard.Intheyearsthatfollowed,plasticcreditcardsbecamewidespread.Incidentally,thefirstcreditcardwasissuedbyDinersClubin1950.Therapiddevelopmentofsemiconductortechnologymadeitpossibletointegratedatamemoryandprotectivelogicontoasinglesiliconchi
3、pinthe1970s.Theideaofincorporatingsuchanintegratedmemorychipintoanidentificationcardwaspatentedin1968byJurgenDethloffandHelmutGr¨otruppinGermany.However,itwasnotuntil¨almost15yearslaterthatthegreatbreakthroughwasachievedwiththeintroductionofthetelephonesmartcardbytheFre
4、nchcompanyPTT.SeveralmilliontelephonesmartcardswereincirculationinFranceby1986(RanklandEffing,1996).Thesefirstgenerationsmartcardswerememorycardswithcontacts.Asignificantimprovementwasachievedwhenentiremicroprocessorsweresuccessfullyintegratedintoasiliconchip,andthesechip
5、sincorporatedintoanidentificationcard.Thismadeitpossibletorunsoftwareinasmartcard,thusopeningupthepossibilityofrealisinghigh-securityapplications.Thus,smartcardsformobiletelephonesandthenewbankcards(ECwithchip)wererealisedexclusivelyusingmicroprocessorcards.Sincethemid-
6、1980s,repeatedattemptshavebeenmadetolaunchcontactlesssmartcardsontothemarket.Theoperatingfrequencyof135kHzthatwasnormalatthetimeandthehighpowerconsumptionofthesiliconchipsonthemarketnecessitatedtranspondercoilswithseveralhundredwindings.Theresultinglargecoilcross-secti
7、on,andtheadditionalcapacitorsthatwereoftenrequired,impededmanufactureintheformofID-1formatplasticcards,andtransponderswereusuallycastintoinconvenientplasticshells.Duetothislimitation,contactlesssmartcardsplayedaminorroleinthesmartcardmarketforalongtime.Inthefirsthalfoft
8、he1990s,transpondersystemsweredevelopedwithanoperatingfrequencyof13.56MHz.Thetranspondersrequiredforthesesystemsrequi
