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时间:2019-10-30
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1、No.4.2.1.LTheevolutionofintelligenceamong earlylargemammalsofthegrasslands wasdueingreatmeasuretothe interactionbetweentwoecologically(5)synchronizedgroupsoftheseanimals, thehuntingcarnivoresandthe herbivoresthattheyhunted.The interactionresultingfromthe differencesbetweenpredatorandpre
2、y(10)ledtoageneralimprovementinbrain functions;however,certaincomponents ofintelligencewereimprovedfarmore thanothers. Thekindofintelligencefavoredby(15)theinterplayofincreasinglysmarter catchersandincreasinglykeener escapersisdefinedbyattention-that aspectofmindcarryingconsciousness
3、forwardfromonemomenttothenext.It(20)rangesfromapassive,free-floating awarenesstoahighlyfocused,active fixation.Therangethroughthesestates ismediatedbythearousalsystem,a networkoftractsconvergingfrom(25)sensorysystemstointegratingcenters inthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxed tothemorevigorous
4、levels,sensitivity tonoveltyisincreased.Theorganismis moreawake,morevigilant;this(30)increasedvigilanceresultsinthe apprehensionofevermoresubtlesignals astheorganismbecomesmoresensitive toitssurroundings.Theprocessesof arousalandconcentrationgiveattention(35)itsdirection.Arousalisatfirst
5、 general,withafloodingofimpulsesin thebrainstem;thengraduallythe activationischanneled.Thusbegins concentration,theholdingofconsistent(40)images.Onemeaningofintelligenceis thewayinwhichtheseimagesandother alertlysearchedinformationareusedin thecontextofpreviousexperience. Consciousness
6、linkspastattentionto(45)thepresentandpermitstheintegration ofdetailswithperceivedendsand purposes. Theelementsofintelligenceandcon- sciousnesscometogethermarvelously(50)toproducedifferentstylesinpredator andprey.Herbivoresandcarnivores developdifferentkindsofattention relatedtoescaping
7、orchasing.Although inbothkindsofanimal,arousal(55)stimulatestheproductionofadrenaline andnorepinephrinebytheadrenal glands,theeffectinherbivoresis primarilyfear,whereasincarnivores theeffectisprimarilyaggression.For(60)both,arousal
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