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1、博士英语阅读复习范围ReadingPassage1TheCostofSurvivalMostcorporationsaren'tmanagedforchange.ByPeterMcGrathInthego-goyearsofthelate1990s,noeconomictheoristlookedbetterthanJosephSchumpeter,theAustrianchampionofcapitalismwhodiedin1950.Hisdistinction?Atheoryhecalled
2、"creativedestruction."Theideawasstraight-forward:inwiththenew,outwiththeold.Companieshadlifecycles,justaspeopledo.Theywereborn,theygrewup.Andwhenabettercompetitorcamealong,theydiedduetocapitalstarvation.Itwasthewaythingswere,andthewaytheyshouldbe.Them
3、arketshadnosentiment.Capitalismwasrelentless,unforgiving.Intheirbook"CreativeDestruction"(367pages.Doubleday.$27.50),RichardN.FosterandSarahKaplanoftheconsultingfirmMcKinsey&Co.applySchumpeter'slogicinthecontextofatechnology-driveneconomy.Theywantthei
4、rcorporatereaderstounderstandtheimplicationsofonebasicidea:thereisaninescapableconflictbetweentheinternalneedsofacorporationandthetotalindifferencecapitalmarketshaveforthoseneeds.Managerscaredesperatelyaboutthesurvivaloftheircompanies.Investorsdon'tgi
5、veahoot.Thiswasalwaystrue,theauthorssay,butuntilrecentlynobodyreallynoticedbecauseoftherelativelylanguidpaceofeconomicchange.Nomore.Inthe1920s,whenthefirstStandard&Poor'sindexwascompiled,alistedcompanyhadalifeexpectancyofmorethan65years.In1998theannua
6、lturnoverrateofS&Pfirmswasnearly10percent,implyingacorporatelifetimeofonly10years.Howdoesanyonemanageinthisenvironment?FosterandKaplanarguethatcompaniestodaymustembrace"discontinuity,"theideathateverythingtheyhavealwaysdoneisnowirrelevant.ConsiderInte
7、l:'byitstopexecutives'ownaccounts,thecompanyhadtokillitsground-breakingmemory-chipbusinessonceitbecameclearthatJapanesecompaniescoulddeliveressentiallythesameproductatalowerprice.Intelthenmovedintothemuchmorelucrativemicroprocessorbusiness.Itwasanobvi
8、ousdecision,butonethatwashardtomake.MemorychipswereIntel'scorecompetence.Theywereattheheartofthecompany'sself-image.Thetransitionwaswrenching,saidIntelchiefAndrewGrove.Butasaresult,thecompanysurvivedandprospered.Fromnowforgottenautomobilecompa
