纳税会计与税收优化

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1、PartIVTheLiteratureofRealismHistoricalandSocialBackgroundLiterarySceneWhatisRealism?1.OriginandDefinition2.CharacteristicsofAm.Realism3.Realists:Howells,Twain,andJamesAmericanNaturalism(1890s)1.OriginandFeatures2.Naturalists:Norris,Crane,DreiserandLondonOverviewHistoricalandSocialBackground(1

2、865-1914)AsAmericanCivilWarendedin1865,“theindustrialNorthhadtriumphedovertheagrarianSouth,andfromthatvictorycameasocietybasedonmasslaborandmassconsumption.”therapidgrowthinindustrialismandurbanizationtheincreasingratesofliteracyanddemocracyanexpandingpopulationrelativeriseinmiddle-classafflue

3、nceMajorChanges:Insteadof“TheGoldenAge”,“TheGildedAge”came--“anageofextremes”--“ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope”.Theagewasstillinanoptimisticatmosphere.Disillusionmentandfrustrationweretobefelt.Theharshrealitiesoflifehadsetthenationagainsttheromance.MajorF

4、eatures:II.LiterarySceneTheAgeofRealism(1865–1914)Realism(1860s-1880s)Naturalism(1890s)III.AmericanRealismOriginandDefinitionCharacteristicsofAm.RealismRepresentativeWriters:Howells,Twain,andJamesOriginatedinEuropein1850sandenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWarDefinition:“Nothingmoreandnot

5、hinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.”(W.D.Howells)RealismVS.Romanticism:areactionagainstRomanticism1.OriginandDefinitionAm.Realismvs.RomanticismobjectiveviewofhumanexperienceIdealizedandpoeticviewoftheworldsubjectstakenfromdailylifeabstractandidealcharactersnaturalvernaculardictionheigh

6、tened,poeticdictionplausibleplotsimprobableplotsnativetrendsintherealisticdescriptionperfectinvernacularstyle“localcolorism”(地方色彩小说),auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism2.CharacteristicsofAm.RealismLocalColorismfocusedonthecharacters,dialect,customs,sights,andsoundofregionalAmericaamixtur

7、eofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsbecamedominantinAmericanliteraturefrom1860sto1880sWilliamDeanHowellsMarkTwainHenryJames3.RepresentativeWritersofAm.RealismthearbiterofAmericanliteraryrealismMajorworks:AModernInstance(1881)TheRise